Mbiri ya Petro ndi Paulo Linga ku St. Petersburg

Osowa alendo mzindawo pa Neva osati kukaona Museum wa History of St. Petersburg mu Petro ndi Paulo Linga. Pali lubwe bastions chisanu nkhani ya kubadwa kwa likulu la Russia kumpoto, likulu la yomwe, pa dongosolo Petra Velikogo, anali citadel, limaimira mphamvu ndi impregnability mphamvu analengedwa ndi izo.

Citadel - ndi brainchild a Peter I

Mbiri ya Petro ndi Paulo Linga ndi inextricably zogwirizana ndi nkhondo Northern, amene Russia ndi Sweden anali mu nthawi ya 1700-1721. Chifukwa cha zimenezi, chiwerengero cha bwino ntchito asilikali 1703 anakwanitsa kumvanso Neva dziko, ndi chitetezo chofunika awo odalirika linga inamangidwa ndi malamulo onse a mpanda sayansi ya zaka. yomanga ake ndi onse zambiri zofunika kuti linga akale Nienschanz, yomwe ili pa confluence a Okhta ndi Neva mtsinje, ankaona insufficiently odalirika.

Kuyambira zikalata zomwe zilipo tikudziwa kuti malo linga latsopano anaperekanso Peter I. Kuti zimenezi zitheke, May 8, 1703, iye ankayendera kugombe la Neva ndi Aleksandrom Danilovichem Menshikovym ndi French injiniya Joseph Gaspar Lambert de A Guerin. Kusankha Wamkulu anagwa pa Kalulu chilumba, inali gawo linafalitsidwa kwambiri mkamwa mwa Neva, ndipo ndi miyeso yabwino kukhala - mamita 750 m'litali ndi za 360 mamita m'lifupi.

Mbiri ya linga akuyamba 16 (27) May 1703, tsiku pamene anapanga Bookmark. Ngakhale kuti Nyumbayi inamangidwa osati pa njira imene Peter Ine, komanso ntchito zake anaphedwa ichitikire ndi Lambert de A Guerin, mfumu yekha pa mwambo umenewu sanali pano. Malinga ndi amafotokoza za zaka zimenezo, iye anali mu Olonets doko la zombo zapanyanja, yomwe ili m'mphepete kum'mawa kwa nyanja ya Ladoga, ndipo akuyamba ntchito pa kalulu Island anatsogolera A. D. Menshikov.

Lero ndi tsiku pamene Petro ndi Paulo linga, ankaona kuti kubadwa kwa St. Petersburg linakhazikitsidwa, koma ochepa mukudziwa kuti choyambirira cha zomangamanga wake anathamangitsa zolinga mwangwiro usilikali, ndipo pansi padziko likulu latsopano la boma sakuyenera kuti. Only anachitira zinthu ndi awiri anali pachibale ndi mzake, kotero kuti Pushkin a "kudzakhala mzinda anaika 'kubwera kwa mutu Mfumu pang'ono pasanafike pa chiyambi cha chilengedwe cha bastions wamphamvu mipanda yolimba kwambiri.

Yomanga mpanda wolimba zadothi

Monga Tingaone mbiri ya ntchito yomanga mpanda wolimba, izo poyamba anali matabwa lapansi, koma, ngakhale, ali patsogolo pa nthawi mpanda, wopangidwa mwa bastions 6, omwe ndi amphamvu asanu amaganiza mpanda anamanga m'mphambano za khoma mpanda wolimba.

Ndisanalembetse iwo ndi makoma (nsalu makoma) zinamangidwa 2 Ravelin - kumanga chochuluka. cholinga chawo chinali isadziwike makoma ku zida zankhondo moto ndi vuto mdani kumenya. Linamangidwa monga Kronverk - thandizo akunja Kulimbikitsa cholinga monga kuteteza otsatira linga, ndi kulenga bridgehead mu nkhani ya kauntala.

Petro ndi Paulo Linga anamangidwira manja a asilikali Russian ndi akaidi asilikali a Sweden n'kulanda. Komanso, mfumu lamulo lililonse m'chigawo akutumiza ena ambiri serf. Lolemera kantchito mu nyengo yozizira ndi achinyezi, ndi Baltic anakhala chifukwa chakuti mazana omanga anonymous muyaya pena manda ao, yokutidwa kugombe m'madambo wa Neva. Iwo m'malo ndi magulu atsopano kufika ntchito anthu, mafupa amene adakula linga makoma, ndipo anauka kwa nkhalango mdima likulu la ufumu waukulu.

Senior owayang'anila yomanga

zikalata Archival zokhudza mbiri ya Petro ndi Paulo Linga ku St. Petersburg, zikusonyeza kuti pomanga bastions ake panokha kuyang'anira mfumu ndipo asanu ndi mabwenzi ake a pamtima, amene maina kenako adakuitanira. Kotero, kuti anapulumuka kalembedwe Troubetzkoy phata Wamkulu Koposa, Menshikov, Naryshkin, Zotov ndi Golovkin.

Mwamsanga ine ayenera kutchula kuti Peter Ine yekha anatenga gawo mu Wamkulu wa phata tsamba, ndi ntchito zonse wotsatira panali loyang'aniridwa ndi mwana wake - Tsarevich Aleksey ndi A. D. Menshikov. Ndithu chidwi n'chakuti Oyang'anira ena, ngakhale miyambo Russian osati sanayese n'komwe ndalama pa ntchito zomwe zidapatsidwa kwa iwo, koma nthawi zambiri okha yokutidwa zolowa ntchito.

Chronicle zochitika zina

Mbiri ya linga la kumaoneka angapo a musanyalanyaze m'kati kamangidwe kake. Mmodzi wa iwo wabwera kuyatsa ngakhale pamaso October 1, 1703 ntchito yomanga mpanda wolimba kwambiri zadothi anamalizidwa. Chifukwa cha madzi osefukira chaukali zimene zinachitika pa 30 August, madzi, mkuuka mamita 2.5, wodzazidwa mu Kalulu Island, nasamba okonzeka zopangidwa nyumba zingapo. Zimenezi kamodzinso anasonyeza kufunika kwa ntchito yomanga mwala citadel.

M'chaka cha 1703 panali chinthu china chofunika, umene uli wotsimikiza kudziwa aliyense amene anapita Museum wa History of St. Petersburg mu Petro ndi Paulo Linga pa June 29 (July 12) pa m'gawo lake panali kuika mwambo wa Petro ndi Paulo Cathedral - ndiye adakali ang'ono mpingo matabwa. Iye anapereka dzina la citadel anamangapo ndipo kenako mzinda wotchedwa kalembedwe Dutch - "St. Peter-Burj". Choncho, deti la June 29 tinganene kuti dzina tsiku mzinda pa Neva.

Mu chaka chomwecho kunalinso Yohane Bridge, yolumikiza Kalulu Island ndi mbali Petrograd, ngakhale m'masiku amenewo anali mamangidwe a Hiramu anatumiza angapo pamodzi. Ndi kugwa kwa migodi pafupifupi wathunthu yomanga anaika zida. Amenewa anali chitsulo ndi mkuwa mfuti monga analanda anagwira ku castings Swedish ndi zoweta anapanga armourers Novgorod. Pa nthawi yomweyo mfumu ndiponso anaika commandant woyamba wa linga wa. ulemu uwu wapatsidwa kwa mmodzi wa anzake apamtima - boma la Estonia m'banja lachifumu, msilikali Karl-Ewald Von Rennes.

Yambani kumalumikiza linga lubwe

Mu 1705 anayamba msinkhu mu mbiri ya linga la. Kamodzi anamanga earthworks onse, motero mwayi kusonyeza zotheka kuukira kwa asilikali a Sweden, Peter ndinaganiza kusintha mu mwala. Drafting wa citadel latsopano ndi kuyang'aniridwa ndi ntchito anaikizidwa Italy chiyambi Swiss - munthu wamanga kwambiri ndi injiniya nthawi yake Domenico Andrea Trezzini.

Kukhazikitsa dongosolo siimalingaliridwa zina panning m'dera kalulu Island zinachitikadi, chifukwa m'lifupi mwake chinawonjezeka ndi 30 mamita Ntchito inayamba pa chiyambi cha May 1706, ndipo anayamba ndi kukonzanso Menshikov phata, monga zinachitikira akanthe., Akhoza kuchititsa kuti kukhala pachiopsezo kwambiri. Mu ndondomeko ya ntchito yomanga mitengo yakale akhala anawononga mzinda, ndipo iwo anapita pansi podsypku chilumba.

Wanthakayo, malinga ndi ntchito watsopano, kokha crownwork anakhalabe - dongosolo la malinga, mawu woimira korona ( "akorona" - korona, "Werk" - nsanja) ili mu gawo la kumpoto kwa chilumbachi ndi lakonzedwa kuteteza ndi vuto zotheka pamtunda. Mumtambowo dzina Kronverskogo otaya kulekanitsa Kalulu Island ku Petrograd Mbali.

The linga, amene adakali sankadziwa Russian

Ndi 1708 mu Miyalayo anavala Menshikov ndi Golovkin bastions, komanso nsalu yotchinga moyandikana (mpanda) ndi ufa magazini. Pa nthawi yomweyo yomanga chipinda ndi chipata Petro, anamanga, malinga ndi lamulo la mwayekha, pa chitsanzo cha Narva.

Za kuti, mphamvu anali citadel anamangidwa pa kalulu Island, malinga ndi zolembedwa kuperekedwa pa Museum mbiri ya linga la. Mwachidule fotokozani zili, ife onani mosavuta izo kwa Russia mtundu wa mpanda anali latsopano mwamtheradi.

Wokwanira kuti kuti makulidwe a makoma achitetezo anafika mamita 20 ndi kutalika kwa 12 m. Pofuna kulimbikitsa zapansi awo mu nthaka yagoletsa 40 chikwi. Kuchulukirachulukira. Aliyense phata wogwidwa firepower, zomwe pafupifupi 60 mfuti. The Curtin - mpanda pakati bastions ndi n'kuika asilikali asilikali ndi casemates kusunga m'matangadza wa onga.

Sanaiŵalidwe ndi mizere chinsinsi kulankhulana ndi dzikoli. Makamaka, pansi nyumba lakunja anakumba ngalande ku ankafika kunja linga, ndi mpanda wake anamangapo otchedwa Paterna - malo lakonzedwa kuti maonekedwe mwadzidzidzi asilikali kumbuyo mizere mdani. The zotuluka anaika pansi mzere umodzi wa njerwa, zodziwika kokha kwa akazembe wodalirika.

The linga, omwe anakhala maziko a mzinda

Kugonjetsa asilikali a Sweden mu zaka 1709-1710, anabweretsa pa mlingo wosiyana wa mbiri ya linga la. Kuyambira nthawi imeneyo iye anasiya tanthauzo lake lankhondo, ndi mfuti wokwera pa makoma ake, mabingu yekha mu masiku a zikondwelelo boma. Padziko linga ndi zapadera mofulumira anayamba kukula mzinda analandira udindo likulu latsopano Russian ufumu, ndi dzina lake St. Petersburg polemekeza woyang'anira wake woyera St. Peter Mtumwi.

Ngakhale isanathe yomaliza ya nkhondo kumpoto kalulu Island anayamba Senate ndi waukulu m'ndende andale a Russia unakhazikitsidwa posachedwapa. Izi ofanana zochitika za Tower ndi mpanda wolimba. The Citadel, anamanga pa magombe a mtsinjewu komanso anakwanitsa kutumikira, ndi malinga, ndi likulu ndi ndende, ndipo potsiriza kowonera zakale.

Ndi chidwi kuti mkaidi loyamba la "Russian Bastille" - dzina chinapatsidwa mu nthaŵi, anali mwana wa tate wake - Tsarevich Aleksey, wakufayo (kuphedwa kapena mobisa) kumapeto 25 June 1718. Wazomangamanga Trezzini inamangidwa pa malire a ndende latsopano ndi nyumba wapadera, amene munali Chinsinsi Chancellery. Iye pakati pa Naryshkin ndi Trubetskoy phata inamangidwa ndi timbewu choyamba, zatenga malo apamwamba mu mbiri ya ndalama Russian. Petro ndi Paulo Linga Komanso wakhala malo kumene ndalama anali zinapangidwa osati kokha, komanso mphoto boma.

Mu 1731 Naryshkin phata kuika Flag Tower, pamene tsiku anakweza mbendera Russian, ndipo patapita zaka ziwiri anamaliza kumanga mwala Petro ndi Paulo Cathedral, amene wakhala pa nthawi m'manda a mafumu Russian. Ngati nyumba ina ya linga, izo inamangidwa pansi ntchitoyi ndipo kuyang'aniridwa mwachindunji Domenico Trezzini. Mu 30 zaka wakhala mwambo wotulutsa chizindikiro masana kuwombera ndi Naryshkin phata la zimene zikuchitika nthawi yathu.

owonetsera zakale mtengo wake ndi Paulo Linga anagula mu 1766, pamene madera ake inamangidwa nyumba ndi nyumba mu bwato la Peter, amene anakhala mfumu pambuyo pa imfa ya munthu wa zotsalira za mbiri Russian. Kenako, linga wapadera amawatenga mapeto a 80s, pamene izo umandandidwa ndi lubwe namanga Marina ndi Commandant Narva Chipata inatha.

Akaidi "Russian Bastille"

Mu mbiri Russian Peter ndi Paulo Linga ku St. Petersburg, anadza makamaka monga ndende ndale. Iwo anali tatchulazi kuti anali mkaidi loyamba Tsarevich Alexei Petrovich. Kenako, tsoka ake anali ambiri mwa anthu zosemphana ndi ulamuliro alipo.

Kumbukirani mwa makoma wotchuka wa linga Mfumukazi Tarakanov, anafunsa ngati wolowa wachifumu, wolemba Radishchev ndi Decembrists ali Alexeyev Ravelin. Malinga awo Petrashevzy anapita, anthu ndi Nechayev, lotsogoledwa ndi mtsogoleri wake wathuwu. Mu makonde ananenedwa a linga anamva masitepe N. G. Chernyshevskogo, F. M. Dostoevskogo, M. A. Bakunina, ndi ena ambiri otchuka a chi.

Pa October kuukira boma la 1917, asilikali anathandiza Bolsheviks, kodi mu chi Soviet sanaiwale kutchula ngakhale kwa kanthawi mbiri ya linga la. Iwo anafotokoza kuti pa itachita wa Zima Palace, ndi makoma ake anali opangidwa akatemera osalembapo ndipo nditamaliza akaidi ake casemates anakhala atumiki a Provisional boma.

Pasanathe akalola mbiri yakale Soviet ankakumbukira ntchito imene linga anagwira Cheka dongosolo m'ndende, pamene iye anapita mwamsanga pambuyo pa Bolsheviks anayamba kulamulira. Amadziwika kuti mu 1919, pa m'gawo lake anawomberedwa 4 kalonga wamkulu wa Romanov wotchedwa Dmitry K., Georgy, Nikolay ndi Pavel Aleksandrovich.

Makamaka mitu kwambiri pa mbiri ya linga panali nthawi ya Red Mantha, amene anagwa pa nsonga ya 1917-1921. Kuphedwa Misa kunachitika pamene khoma mpanda wolimba ku Kronverksky Khwalala. Mu 2009, pali zotsalira za mazana a anthu amene amakhudzidwa misanthropic boma kwa zaka zambiri unakhazikitsidwa mu dziko anapezeka.

Tsoka la Nyumbayi mu nthawi ya Soviet

Mu 1925, mbiri ya linga anangotsala pang'ono adzafupikitsidwa pambuyo Council Leningrad akagamula dismantling ake (chionongeko), ndi kulenga pa kalulu Island Stadium. Koma, mwamwayi, nkhanza ichi sichidachitika zoyembekezeka kuchitika, ndipo nyumbayi analengedwa pa dera la mpanda wolimba kwambiri. Chinanso chochititsa chidwi n'chakuti pa nthawi 1925-1933 gg. mu imodzi ya nyumba yake linaikidwa woyamba Russian Mafuta Mphamvu Laboratory, amene ndodo ayamba roketi zoweta. Mu malo ake mu 1973 anatsegula Museum wa rocketry ndi astronautics, kukupitirirabe masiku ano.

Pa Great zosonyeza kukonda nkhondo, ndi mpanda wolimba inali batire odana ndege kutetezera thambo Leningrad ku ndege mdani, ndi spire Petro ndi Paulo Cathedral chidafundidwa ndi kubisa ukonde. Ngakhale shelling zonse ndi mabomba, amene anaonekera kwa mzinda, anagunda tchalitchi sanali, koma ali kuwononga kwambiri makoma.

Mu 1975, imasonyeza chikumbutso 150th wa kugalukira pa Senate Square mu St. Petersburg, ku Kronwerk malo asanu Decembrists, anamanga obelisk chikumbutso pinki nsangalabwi anaphedwa pa July 25, 1826 usiku. Pa mayina stamped A. Pestel Kahovsky P., K. Ryleeva, S. Muraviev-Apostol ndi M. Bestuzhev-Rumin.

Nkhani alibe mapeto

Today pa dera la citadel kamodzi yoopsa anamanga State Museum of History wa St. Petersburg, "Petro ndi Paulo linga." Monga masiku akale, tsiku lililonse masana ndi Naryshkin phata chizindikiro amveka Cannon kuwombera, kupanga mobwerezabwereza kuti kupereka alendo olemekezeka a mumzindawo. Mu 1991, panali fano la Peter Ine, anapanga Russian-American ziboliboli M. zokopa Linga Shemyakin, ndipo pambuyo perestroika nthawi pa magombe pafupi inayamba kulinganiza zinthu zosiyanasiyana zosangalatsa. M'zaka za m'ma XXI amaona moyo watsopano wa St. Petersburg Petro ndi Paulo Linga. History, mwachidule m'nkhani ino, alandira kupitiriza ake.