The ndege yoyamba abale Wright: chiyambi cha mbiri ya ndege

Bwanji anthu kuuluka ngati mbalame? funso zimenezi zimasonyeza kuti nthaŵi yaitali maloto anthu a thambo paulendowu. Kuti muzikachita, anthu anachita kwa wokha mapiko ndipo anayesa kuwuluka, kukupiza iwo. Ambiri zatsopano izi inatha mu imfa ya wolimba. Tiyeni tikumbukire yekha nthano zakale za Icarus ...

Nkhani ya ndege ndi chidwi kwambiri ndi luso wojambula ndi zatsopano Leonardo da Vinci, amene anaphunzira kapangidwe ka mbalame, mapiko awo. Iye anayesetsa kukhazikitsa makhalidwe a ndege zawo. Iye anachititsa Zojambula za ndege - ndi zinachitika ya ndege zamakono.

Mbiri ya anagonjetsa kumwamba

Poyamba munthuyo anakwanitsa kukwera kwa mitambo chibaluni. Zinali November 21, 1783. Zibaluni mpweya zibaluni anausankha abale Montgolfier, anatola anthu awiri kutalika kwa 1 Km ndipo pafupifupi theka la ora kenako iwo inatera bwinobwino pa mtunda wa makilomita 9.

Mu 1853, D. Keighley anamanga woyamba yosavuta glider amene anali wokhoza kukweza munthu mu mlengalenga. Popeza yomanga gliders mowirikiza bwino. Komabe, ndege zosiyanasiyana ndipo nthawi kuchuluka. Zinali Kupambana kwakukulu, chifukwa glider yolemera kuposa mpweya. Koma loto la ufulu popanda chifuniro cha mphepo, Kutsogoleredwa ndi ndege munthu silinakwaniritsidwe anazindikira.

Izi zikhoza kokha kukwaniritsa Bratya Rayt (1903), kupanga ndege chake choyamba. chigonjetso awo anatsimikiza ndi zifukwa zambiri, monga makhalidwe abwino.

Bratya Rayt: A MBIRI

Abale Wilbur ndi Orvill Rayt anabadwa mu United States m'banja m'busa. The mfundo za mpingo wa Chiprotestanti, kuika patsogolo pa ntchito iliyonse bwino mwakhama, akhala katemera kuyambira ali mwana. Sewerolo zinawathandiza kukwaniritsa zolinga zawo ndi kumanga oyamba padziko lonse lapansi ndege ndi injini. Pasanapite nthawi, ndipo mfundo nyenyezi - ndege yoyamba abale Wright. Koma iwo anali maphunziro osati apamwamba, ngakhale sekondale sanathe kumaliza chifukwa zochitika moyo. Wilbur anavulala ndipo sakanatha kupita University Yale. Iye ankayenera kugwira ntchito mu yosindikiza malonda, Orville. Ndiye kunali kuyambitsa woyamba wa abale Wright - atolankhani makina a kamangidwe wake.

Mu 1892, abale anatsegula njinga shopu malonda mu nthawi yochepa analenga zong'ambika, ndipo kenako anakhazikitsa m'ndende. Koma nthawi yake yonse yopuma ali flights odzipereka. Pomaliza, izo atuluka kugulitsa njinga ndi kuwapatsa ndalama zatsopano zambiri polenga ndege yoyamba.

Kukonzekera ndege yoyamba: wanzeru njira

Abale kwambiri kwambiri chidwi lingaliro la ballooning. Iwo ankaphunzira mabuku onse amene alipo pa nthawi ya ndege, ambiri experimenting. Tinamanga gliders angapo ndipo anaulukira iwo, kukwaniritsa zotsatira zabwino. Pofuna kuonjezera kutukula mphamvu ya phiko, ndi zatsopano wosatha anagwira panokha analengedwa mphepo mumphangayo. Anayesedwa masanjidwe osiyana ya phiko ndi masamba tinakwera.

Chifukwa cha kumveketsa anapangidwa chilinganizo kuti tipeze Nyamulani.

Ndipo potsiriza, kuwalira petulo injini mphamvu 12 ndiyamphamvu kwa ndege, nayenso, anadzifula okha Bratya Rayt. Monga izi sanakumbukire Velikogo Leonardo, patsogolo pa nthawi yake!

The ndege yoyamba Wright abale

Mu zaka zinayi kuti yadutsa kuyambira chiyambi cha choti kites ndi gliders, abale kucha kwa yomanga ndege anatha. The ndege yoyamba abale Wright amatchedwa "Flyer". airframe yopangidwa spruce, tinakwera kuti panalinso kusema nkhuni. Ndi kulemera kwa 283 makilogalamu mapiko kusesa zida anali 12 m.

Polingalira injini, vesivshego makilogalamu 77 ndi amphamvu Mwachangu kupezeka pamene analogues, ndege yoyamba ndalama ndiAmene ake zosakwana $ 1,000!

The ndege yoyamba ya Wright Abale '

mayeso kwenikweni ndege yatsopano inakonzedwa December 1903. abale, ndithudi, adzakhala woyamba. vutolo, iwo anaganiza lophweka - tayizunguzani ndalamayo. Kukhala woyendetsa oyamba padziko lonse lapansi Wilbur anagwa. Koma iye sanali mwayi. The ndege sanathe kupanga ndege, kuyambira nthawi yomweyo pambuyo zofunika inaonongeka ndipo anavulala.

Ulendo wotsatira anapanga kale Orville. December 17 ndi mutu mphepo ya 43 Km / h anatha kukweza unit mu mlengalenga ndi kutalika kwa pafupifupi 3 meters, gwiritsitsani masekondi 12. Kuthana ndege mtunda anali 36,5 m.

Pa tsiku limeneli abale nayenso anapanga 4 ndege. Otsiriza a iwo, pamene ndege anali piloted ndi Wilbur, inatenga pafupifupi mphindi. Mtunda A anali oposa 250 m.

Oddly zokwanira, ndege yoyamba abale Wright chiyani kukopa chidwi cha anthu, ngakhale kuti anaona anthu asanu.

Panali ndege?

Tsiku lotsatira, pambuyo zouluka ochepa manyuzipepala yaing'ono lofalitsidwa zokhudza izo, ndi zolakwika anachimwa ndipo anapatsira padera. Ndipo Dayton, m'tauni ya aviators choyamba, chochitika zokopa Ndipotu ambiri amaona.

Koma kovuta pofotokoza mfundo yakuti palibe munthu amene anaona kuti ndege "Flyer II" mu kale 105 flights zinalengedwa pa chaka chamawa! Wachitatu "Flyer" zimene abale komanso zouluka padziko Daytona, kachiwiri sanalandire chidwi ambiri.

Komanso, mu 1906, nyuzipepala ina inalemba nkhani yakuti "Flyer kapena wabodza?" Amene amatulutsa chikayiko pa zipambano za abale Wright.

Zinali kachitsotso wotsiriza amene anatsogolera chigamulo kusonyeza dziko luso kusamalira ndege wagawo, amene yolemera kuposa mpweya. Ndipo mu 1908, ndege wa abale Wright anali amadutsa ya Atlantic. Iwo amene ankachitika ndi flights chionetsero: Wilbur - mu Paris ndi Orville - mu United States.

Abale ngakhale bungwe zochitika kugulitsa chidali chifuniro chake, anasankha moyo wabwino kwambiri. Kuwonjezera kutchuka ballooning apainiya, anailandira ndipo kukhuta zakuthupi. The ndege yoyamba ya Wright abale mwa omvetsera anali akhutire kuti boma US zinasaina pangano ndi iwo, imene boma bajeti Nkhani ntchito yobweretsa ndege wakhala m'gulu la chaka cha 1909 zolinga asilikali. Imakhala kwa kupanga makumi angapo ndege.

Itawonongedwa loyamba

Mwatsoka, woyamba poyera ndege ndege, ndipo chinali choyamba mu mbiri ya ndege tsoka.

Zimenezi zinachitika mu September 1908. Orville Wright "Flyer III wa", omwe anakhazikitsidwa mpando zina, anavula patsinde lankhondo la Fort Myer. Chifukwa, kulephera kwa lamanja injini ndege anachoka pa pachimake, iwo sanathe mwakufuna. Zonyamula - Lt. Thomas Selfridge - anafa chifukwa cha zoopsa cranial analandira pamene kumenya pansi. Orville yekha anathawa ndi fractures a m'chiuno ndi nthiti.

Ngakhale zili chomwechi, mgwirizano anali anapangana ndi asilikali. Ndipo kulemekeza Wright abale tisaiwale kuti ichi ndi chokhacho kwambiri ngozi zimene zinachitika pa zaka nawo.

Komabe, mu 1909, ndi mayesero ndege ku Paris mabusa ngozi anapha French aviator Lefebvre, wophunzira wa abale Wright. Ichi chinali chifukwa Russia ndi kale okonzeka kulemba pangano ntchito yobweretsa ndege, anawasiya.

Kukula kwa ndege

Ngati zinthu zambiri lalikulu la anthu, ndege anayamba kuigwiritsa ntchito pa nkhondo. The ndege yoyamba anayamba kugwiritsidwa ntchito mu First World nkhondo mu mawonekedwe a reconnaissance mlengalenga. Pa izo, zinadziwika kuti ndege akusinthika mu mphamvu oopsa ngati kunyamula zida ndi mabomba.

Woyamba mpweya nkhosa anali opangidwa pankhondo World Ine, Russian woyendetsa Petrom Nesterovym.

Nkhondo itatha, ndege anayamba kugwiritsidwa ntchito zoyendera za zofunika, makamaka tumizani. Kenako, panali ndege anthu. Kumapeto kwa nkhondo yachiwiri ya padziko lonse, ndi chikhalidwe womasuka kwambiri mu dziko zinachititsa kuti flights kwa apaulendo.

Pomaliza, kusintha kwa zoyendera mpweya wakumanitsa ambiri ntchito m'madzi ndi mizere sitima. liwiro anali mwayi waukulu ndege, makamaka mkubwela kwa ndege supersonic.

Orvill Rayt, amene anafa zaka 77 mu 1948, anatha kuona mmene ndegeyo yakhala ankagwiritsa ntchito mu dziko. Uilbur Rayt ndinayamba kugonedwa enaake a pakhungu mu 1912.

The ndege yoyamba Wright abale ali ndi malo a ulemu pa National Aviation Museum ndi pulogalamu danga US. Iye amadziwika osati monga "Flyer Ine", komanso "Kitty Hawk" - mutu wa pamalo pamene woyamba adakwatira kwa mpweya, motero anatsegula nthawi ya anagonjetsa mpweya nyanja.