Mbiri ya Russian FSB

FSB kapena Russian Federal Security Service, ndi wina wa kuchiyang'anira USSR Committee State Security (KGB), bungwe amadziwika uchigawenga ndi nzeru zake ntchito, zomwe unagwira ntchito Soviet Union m'zaka za m'ma XX.

Apolisi - ndi Cheka - OGPU - KGB - FSB

Mbiri ya Federal Security Service angapo kusintha dzina lake ndi ziŵalo pambuyo ulimi mu Russia mu 1917 Mwalamulo, iye ankavala dzina KGB kwa zaka 46, kuyambira 1954 mpaka 1991. mabungwe kuonetsa akhala mbali ya dongosolo landale la Russia. Ntchito ya mabungwe awa akhala kwambiri kukodzedwa poyerekeza ndi udindo wa apolisi ndale, ankaimba ndi apolisi mu ulamuliro wa Tsar Nicholas II.

Mu 1917, Vladimir Lenin ku zotsala za Tsarist Apolisi analenga Cheka. Gulu latsopano, kenako anatembenukira mu KGB, ankachita nawo osiyanasiyana ntchito, kuphatikizapo espionage, potsimikizira-espionage ndi kudzipatula Union a Soviet kwa mankhwala Western, uthenga ndi malingaliro. Mu 1991, boma la Soviet Union linagwa, zikubweretsa kugawikana m'Komiti ya kwa chiwerengero cha mabungwe, yaikulu ya ndilo FSB.

Mbiri ya Russian Service Federal Security

Mu 1880, Tsar Alexander II anapanga Nthambi kutchinga Zachitetezo ndi kuti, linkadziwika kuti "apolisi." Bungweli mu XIX mochedwa - oyambirira XX atumwi. unachitikira magulu osiyanasiyana kwakukulu Russia - anaziika mamembala awo mu kukhazikitsa iwo ndi neutralizing iwo. Ndi mamembala wa apolisi pa kayendetsedwe ka magulu osiyanasiyana chosintha, mfumu inali nthawi mpaka tsiku ndi mosavuta kupewa kuukira aliyense angathe. Mwachitsanzo, pakati pa 1908 ndi 1909, 4 wa mamembala 5 wa St. Petersburg Komiti ya Bolshevik Party anali a Okhrana. Nicholas II ankakhulupirira kuti mphamvu yake pa magulu awa, amene November 1916 machenjezo a zisinthe pafupi.

Pambuyo pa February Democratic utasintha, Lenin ndi Bolshevik wake Party mobisa bungwe mphamvu ndi ulendo wachiwiri kulanda boma. Lenin anali wothandiza tchalitchi cha mantha ndi amalemekezedwa ndi Jacobins, kwambiri kwakukulu French boma mu 1790 anaika Feliksa Dzerzhinskogo wapampando wa Commissariat cha anthu kwa Affairs Internal (NKVD), cholinga chachikulu cha zimene anali kumenyana ndi adani a boma ndi kupewa zonyoza zimayenda m'dziko lonselo. Mbiri ya Cheka (FSB) anayamba ndi chilengedwe chake 20 December 1917 kusintha dzuwa la ntchito ya NKVD. Waukulu Commission maziko a kenako KGB. tcheyamani ake, Lenin yoikidwiratu Dzerzhinsky, ndi Polish m'banja lachifumu, amene wakhala zaka 11 m'ndende ntchito zigawenga ndi mfumu.

mantha wofiira

Posachedwa Zheleznyy Feliks anayamba kusintha mu Cheka. Mbiri ya Federal Security Service mu December 1920 zinali zodzaza ndi kulanda likulu kampani ku St. Petersburg ku ofesi wakale wa Onse-Russian Insurance Company, kumene mpaka lero. Cheka yokha anachititsa kufufuza yokha kuti kumangidwa, kuweruzidwa yokha zopezeka ku ndende ndi kuphedwa.

Mbiri ya KGB-FSB limapangidwa kupha anthu oposa 500 000 mu nthawi kuyambira pomwe linayamba mu 1917 kuti renaming mu 1922. Mwambo wofala anali "Red mantha." Ndi aliyense m'mudzi apolisi anatenga 20-30 anthu akapolo, namgwira iwo bola ngati anthu wamba sanapereke onse nkhokwe zawo chakudya. Ngati izi sizichitika, kuwombera Anagwiranso. Ngakhale kuti dziko oterowo athandiza kukhalabe mfundo Lenin, kuti bwino ndi zachuma ndi West, KGB unatha ndipo m'malo mwa gulu chimodzimodzi nkhanza - Boma Political Directorate (GPU).

Poyamba, GPU anali pansi pa ulamuliro wa NKVD ndipo anali ndi mphamvu zosakwana Cheka. Ndi thandizo la Lenin Dzerzhinsky anakhalabe tcheyamani ndipo kenako kufika pakale. Ndi USSR Constitution anavomerezedwa mu July 1923, a GPU anadzatchedwa ndi OGPU, kapena ndi United State Administration Political.

njala

Mu 1924, Lenin atamwalira, ndipo m'malo ndi Josef Stalin. Dzerzhinsky, amene anamuthandiza nkhondo mphamvu, anapitiriza malo ake. Pambuyo pa imfa ya Iron Felix mu 1926 anali mtsogoleri wa OGPU Menzhinsky. Chimodzi mwa zolinga zikuluzikulu za gulu panthawi imeneyo anali a dongosolo la thandizo mwa nzika Soviet, pamene Stalin anatembenuzira 14 miliyoni wamba minda mu minda losonkhanitsidwa. Mbiri wamagazi wa FSB limapangidwa mfundo zotsatirazi. Zofunika kuwombola yachilendo wa OGPU amakakamizidwa kulanda tirigu ndi tirigu malonda katundu pa kupanga njala, chifukwa chimene chinapha anthu oposa mamiliyoni asanu.

Kuyambira zipatso kuti Yezhov

Mu 1934 Menzhinsky afa momvetsa chachinsinsi ndipo m'malo ndi Henry Berry, ndi pharmacist ndi maphunziro. Motsogozedwa ake, OGPU anayamba kuchita kafukufuku m'munda wa zida zotere ndi mankhwala. Berry ankakonda kuchita zinthu zatsopano pa akaidi panokha. Iye anawomberedwa pansi Stalin pambuyo kuwulula kwa kupha Menzhinsky kutsogolera OGPU.

Pa makonzedwe a Nikolai Yezhov 'm m'malo zipatso, mantha mu USSR anafika pachimake. Mbiri ya Federal Security Service zikuphatikizapo mfundo zotsatirazi: pakati pa 1936 ndi 1938. antchito yekha OGPU anthu zikwi zitatu anawomberedwa. Poopa kuti kukula chikoka Yezhov, Stalin yemwe ndi anamuwombera 1938.

zaka 15 Beria

Pambuyo Yezhov monga mutu wa NKVD kwa zaka khumi ndi zisanu unachitikira Lavrenty Beria. Iye anawonjezera kuti gulu moti mu 1941 utumiki chitetezo anakhala gulu osiyana. NKGB anachititsa chitetezo, potsimikizira-nzeru, chitetezo malire, m'ndende komanso zigawenga ndi zigawenga kulimbana ndi Germany panthawi ya nkhondo yachiwiri. Mutu wa NKGB Vsevolod Merkulov unali m'manja mwa Beria. Mu 1950, iye anali m'malo ndi Viktor Abakumov, ali okhulupirika kwa mutu wa NKVD sizinali choncho akhungu. Chifukwa, Stalin, Beria atakhutira yanditsutsa iye ciwembu mtsogoleri wa mitundu yonse. Mu 1951 Abakumov anawomberedwa.

Atamwalira Stalin mu 1953, Beria anali kuyesera kuti atenge malo ake wolamulira wa USSR. Koma atsogoleri angapo fungulo la Soviet Army inatheka chifukwa Nikita Khrushchev, Beria anali mlandu ndi kuphedwa iye mu 1953. Mu March 1954, panali KGB, umene unali udindo ulamuliro wa apolisi, kuchita ntchito covert, malire chitetezo ndi chitetezo.

Mbiri ya FSB. KGB (1954-1991)

Komiti Security State unakhazikitsidwa March 13, 1954 tcheyamani oyamba anali Ivan Serov. Ntchito yoyamba ya komiti anali "woyera" Boma la anthu Beria, amene ankafuna kulanda ulamuliro wa Soviet Union atamwalira Stalin.

Kuyambira ndi woyamba 1958, ndi kuikidwa Aleksandra Shelepina monga wapampando watsopano wa KGB (Serov lotsogoledwa ndi General Intelligence Dipatimenti), Khrushchev anabweretsa kusintha kwa ntchito ntchito ya Komiti. Cholinga chake chinali kubwerera ku Soviet Union, KGB, makamaka, pa ulendo ofanana ndi Cheka Dzerzhinsky chiyambi cha 1920s lapansi. mayiko a azungu analipatsa dzina chachikulu "adani" wa USSR, kuphatikizapo US, UK ndi Japan. Iwo ayenera destabilize ndi kufooketsa. Chifukwa, pa Khrushchev nyengo anaona kuchuluka umbanda ndale ndi uchigawenga yokonzedwa ndi Soviet Union.

Pa nthawi yomweyo KGB anali kuyesa kusintha fano kuonetsa analengedwa ndi olamulira Stalinist. Analengedwa ntchito zolembalemba zotamandira chopereka amunamuna kuteteza wa KGB la Soviet Union, ndipo inaika masitampa ndi chithunzi cha Dzerzhinsky.

Mu December 1961, iye m'malo mwa Vladimir Shelepina kasanu ndi kawiri.

Nthawi ya Andropov

mbiri ya FSB pambuyo kupasula Khrushchev wa October 11, 1964 ndi kudza kwa ulamuliro Leonida Brezhneva zimapangitsa kukhota: kasanu ndi kawiri anachotsedwa ku malo wapampando wa KGB. Mu May 1967 anali m'malo ndi Yuri Andropov, mutu wa dipatimenti naye ndi maiko zokomera. Iye anakhala Chairman- "moyo wautali", amakhulupilira mpaka May 1982.

Mutu watsopano wa KGB anapitiriza kukonzanso wayamba ndi Khrushchev ndi Shelepin mu m'ma 1960. Iye anakana ndale, aluntha, mayiko ndi achipembedzo otsutsa; kukodzedwa dongosolo la misasa yozunzira , ndi maulalo; ntchito maganizo kuthana ndi otsutsa. Komanso kuchuluka deta yake nzeru za sayansi ndi luso, kuthandiza kulenga zomangamanga m'gulu la ndalama ndi ulamuliro wa asilikali, makampani chitetezo ndi ndege. Mu utsogoleri wa KGB Andropov chinkhoswe mu zabodza, falsification mapepala a mabungwe Western nzeru, ndalama zolipirira imene ikuchitika atolankhani Western, komanso kukodzedwa zopezera wothandizila kunja. Mu May 1982, Andropov anakhala mtsogoleri wa Party Communist, ndipo amatsogolera pa Committee ankadutsa Vitaly Fedorchuk, tcheyamani wakale wa KGB dera ku Ukraine.

miyezi isanu monga anakhala nduna lotsiriza la Mkati. Mu December 1982, Viktor Chebrikov, choyamba kazembe. Fedorchuk, anatenga malo okhala. Mu October 1988, iye anali m'malo ndi Vladimir Kryuchkov, mutu wa Choyamba Chief Directorate wa KGB.

Ngowe anali tcheyamani wa KGB mpaka August 18, 1991, pamene iye ndi ena anthu asanu chinsinsi cha boma la Soviet linakhazikitsa analephera ankafuna kulanda boma ndi Mikhail Gorbachev, mtsogoleri wa chipanichi a ku 1985 mpaka pa kuvunda kwa chipani December 25, 1991

Bungwe ndi ntchito ya KGB

Mu 1954 anayamba mbiri ya KGB-FSB, apolisi ndale la Soviet Union, omwe anakhala mwalamulo kudziwika monga Committee Security State napeza ake dongosolo zofunika gulu.

Ndiye kunali kuchepetsa kwambiri udindo wake ku utumiki wa komitiyo. Komabe, ngakhale izi, KGB anali kudziyimira pawokha kuposa m'madipatimenti ena ambiri Soviet boma ndi ufulu wodzilamulira wa Bungwe la nduna ulamuliro kupatsa mphamvu mu USSR. Monga State Komiti ya KGB yokhala Kumvetsela ku Bungwe la nduna pansi pa hayala. Mbiri ya FSB ziwalo chosokonezedwa ndi chakuti hayala Komiti anali konse lofalitsidwa, mosiyana ndi malamulo ena ambiri Soviet. Mbali zambiri za bungwe Komabe, afalitsidwa mabuku ndi zina za Kuwulura zinsinsi boma.

KGB ali ambulera dongosolo, imene inali makomiti ndi zofanana mwa aliyense wa limati 14 Soviet. Mu RSFSR Komabe, bungwe dera sanali. makomiti Zachitetezo mu Russia mwachindunji Kumvetsela ku ulamulilo chapakati mu Moscow.

KGB utsogoleri anasonyeza ndi mutsogoleli wadziko, wobvomerezedwayo mwa Council Wamkulukulu wa Bureau Political za nkhaniyo. Iye anali woyamba 1-2 ndi 4-6 chabe imalowetsamo. Iwo, pamodzi ndi atsogoleri a ena m'madipatimenti, anapanga gulu - thupi kuchita zinthu zokhudza bungwe la.

Ntchito yaikulu ya KGB kuphimba mbali 4: boma chitetezo azondi ena ndi wothandizila, kudziwika ndi kufufuza milandu andale ndi azachuma, kuteteza malire boma ndi zinsinsi boma. Kuti akwanitse kugwira ntchito izi m'madipatimenti akuluakulu sikisi anatumikira ku 390 mpaka 700 zikwi. Man.

kapangidwe m'gulu

1 Chief Directorate anachititsa ntchito onse achilendo ndi nzeru-kusonkhana. Mpheroyi magulu angapo, amene anali onse ntchito ndi anachita (razvedpodgotovka, chopereka ndi kusanthula) ndi dera linalake la dziko. Kulunjika ntchito ankafunika kusankha ogwira woyenerera kwa mabungwe onse; kulemba anthu usilikali yabwino maphunziro, mukudziwa zinenero limodzi kapena angapo, ndipo ankakhulupirira malingaliro chikominisi.

2 State kupereka mkati kulamulira ndale nzika Soviet ndi alendo okhala mu Soviet Union. ulamuliro Zimenezi zimathandiza mgwirizano wa oimira zakunja okhala dziko; Iwo akufufuza ndale, upandu zachuma ndiponso ali zopezera informers; kuunikira alendo ndi ophunzira ochokera mayiko akunja.

State Chachitatu chinkhoswe mu counterintelligence asilikali ndi kuyang'aniridwa ndale ya zachitetezo. Mpheroyi m'magulu 12, amayang'anira zosiyanasiyana magulu ankhondo ndi paramilitary.

5 PG pamodzi ndi 2 chitetezo mkati chinkhoswe. Analengedwa mu 1969 kuthana ndi dissent ndale, ndi udindo kudziwika ndi neutralization chitsutso pakati pa magulu achipembedzo, ing'onoing'ono dziko ndi anthu ophunzira (mu Vol. H. a dera zolembalemba ndi luso).

State 8 udindo aya boma. Mu makamaka imachitika kuwunika mauthenga yachilendo, analenga ciphers ntchito ndi mayunitsi a KGB, popereka mauthenga wothandizila kunja, kukhala otetezeka zida aya.

State Border Asilikali chinkhoswe mu kulondera malire pa mtunda ndi pa nyanja. Iwo unagawidwa mu 9 m'madera malire, zomwe anaphimba 67 chikwi. Km ya malire a USSR. The ntchito yaikulu ya asilikali anali kusonyeza angathe kuukira; Poletsa oletsedwa ukusuntha kudutsa malire a anthu, zida, mabomba, contraband ndi mabuku zosokoneza; kuwunika zombo Soviet komanso akunja.

Kuwonjezera pa State asanu anali m'madipatimenti osachepera angapo, ang'onoang'ono kukula ndi kuchuluka;

• 7 chinkhoswe mu anaziika ndipo amapereka ogwira ntchito zida luso kuwayang'anira ntchito za alendo ndi Muzisamala nzika Soviet.
• 9 zipangitsa chitetezo cha atsogoleri kiyi gulu komanso mabanja awo mu boma la Russia ndi zina boma m'dziko lonselo.
• 16 anapereka kwa telefoni ndi wailesi limasonyeza ntchito ndi akuluakulu onse.

Gulu lalikulu ndi zovuta, ndi KGB, kuwonjezera pa maudindo amenewa, anali ndi zida zochuluka amapereka kugwira ntchito tsiku la bungwe. Ndi HR dipatimenti, secretariat, luso thandizo ndodo, dipatimenti zachuma, laibulale, utsogoleri dipatimenti, komanso gulu phwando.

Kuchepa kwa KGB

August 18, 1991 Mihaila Gorbacheva mtsogoleri wa USSR pa dacha boma pa Nyanja Black mu Crimea anachezeredwa ndi achiwembu angapo, mu Vol. H. Msilikali-General Yuri Plekhanov, mkulu wa pulezidenti wa bungwe la chitetezo, ndipo Valery Boldin, mutu wa Gorbachev makonzedwe amene ankaona kuti chipani ndi kuopsezedwa. Iwo anamupempha kuti mwina tachokamo kapena kusiya mphamvu Pulezidenti mokomera wotsatila mutsogoleli Gennady Yanayev. Pambuyo kulephera kwa Gorbachev asilikali anazinga nyumba yake, osalola iye kuti achoke kapena kulankhula ndi dzikoli.

Pa nthawi yomweyo mu gulu Moscow "Alpha" 7 wa KGB analamulidwa kuukira nyumba ya Russian yamalamulo, ndi kutenga amailamulira. Kudulidwa anali kuchita covert reconnaissance wa nyumbayi pa August 19, kenako kudutsa n'kuulanda 20 TH wake ndi TH August 21. Mosiyana ndi zoyembezereka za mamembala a Komiti ya Emergency, gulu lotsogoleredwa ndi Mikhail Golovatova anaganiza kuti agwire ntchito. Iwo kulephereka kufikira magulu otsutsa kutsogoleredwa ndi Boris Yeltsin sanabwere kuteteza nyumbayi.

Pambuyo achiwembuwo anazindikira kuti zokhumba za bwino anakonza ndipo sadzapambana, anayesa kukambirana ndi Gorbachev, amene anali mkaidi awo. Pulezidenti anakana kukakumana ndi mamembala a Komiti ya Emergency. Ena mwa okonza zinamangidwa, ndi zokhumba anali kuletsedwa.

The "kagulu ka eyiti" anali wachiwiri kwa Pulezidenti, wapampando wa KGB, mtumiki chitetezo, ndi nduna yaikulu, membala wa bungwe silikhali, Council Supreme membala, tcheyamani wa mabizinezi boma akumeneko wa Association ndi nduna ya za M'dziko. Asanu ndi awiri a iwo anamangidwa ndi mlandu. Chitatu anawomberedwa yekha mutu pamaso kumangidwa.

Pambuyo kulanda boma la, Vladimir Kryuchkov, akale KGB tcheyamani zaka zitatu, m'malo ndi Vadim Bakatin, poyamba ankagwira ntchito Minister za Mkati kuchokera 1988 mpaka mu 1990, zomwe acemeresa dismantling a Komiti Security State. Zimenezi ndiye anakhala chifukwa cha kukondera wake ndi kopita m'malo Borisa Pugo, kenako anathandiza kulanda boma.

Ndipo October 24, 1991 KGB anali mwalamulo kusungunuka.

kubadwanso

Ngakhale yokhala ndi KGB unatha mu 1991, iwo unagawidwa m'magulu, amene pamodzi kuchita ntchito mofanana Komiti.

Lina Service Intelligence, unakhazikitsidwa mu October 1991, iye anatenga pa ntchito 1st State kuchita kunja ntchito, deta ndi kusanthula nzeru.

Federal Agency Boma Kulumikizana ndi Information unakhazikitsidwa pa maziko a 8 State ndi 16 Management ndi udindo kwa chitetezo kulankhulana ndi kufala kwa nzeru.

8-9 zikwi. Asilikali amene kamodzi munamutcha 9 kulamulira, anali Ufumuyo kwa Federal bungwe la za chitetezo ndi bungwe la chitetezo cha pulezidenti. mabungwe awa ali ndi udindo chitetezo cha boma la Russia ndi mabungwe zonse zofunika za la Russia.

Mbiri ya FSB la Russia pansi dzina pano inayamba mu 1993 Unduna wa Security unatha. Amaphatikiza anthu 75,000 kuchokera wachiwiri, wachitatu ndi wachisanu State. Udindo chitetezo latsopano la Russia.

Kutumiza zinthu zakale ...

Pambuyo pa zaka zambiri mantha nzika Soviet, amene nthawi zonse adawopa kufunsidwa nkhanza za KGB kapena chiganizo kugwira ntchito pa mavuto a m'misasa ntchito, boma Committee zachitetezo unatha pansi dzina poyamba. Komabe, anthu ambiri amakhala mwamantha ya gulu mwankhanza ndi kuponderezedwa. Mbiri ya FSB la Russia ndi bwino zoona egregious. Writers amene ntchito anazitcha ndi odana ndi Soviet ndi amene anali asanaonepo mabuku ake kulisindikiza, anali akuvutika chifukwa cha State 5 cha KGB. Mabanja wosweka, pamene nthumwi za Committee zinamangidwa, kum'zenga mlandu ndi anthu ambiri m'ndende m'misasa ntchito Siberia kapena imfa. Ambiri mwa akaidi sanali acite iliyonse - iwo anakhudzidwa ndi mavuto, kukhala pa malo olakwika pa nthawi yolakwika, kapena chifukwa ndemanga osasamalira anapanga kunyumba. Ena a iwo anaphedwa chifukwa cha KGB wothandizila anali kutsatira kuumba, ndipo ngati si azondi zokwanira mwa ulamuliro wawo, amangoika anatenga anthu osalakwa ndi kuzunzidwa mpaka kufikira anavomereza kuti milandu iwo sadzipereka.

Zinaoneka kuti kutulo izi yapita basi mpaka kalekale. Koma mbiri ya Cheka-KGB-FSB sikuthetsa kumeneko. anafuulira Posachedwapa mapulani kukhazikitsa Ministry of State Security pa maziko a SVR ndi FSB amatikumbutsa kapangidwe Stalinist cha dzina yemweyo, amene cholinga chake chinali kuteteza zofuna za chipani cholamulira.