Ezhov Nikolay: biography ndi zithunzi

Monga momwe tikudziwira kuchokera ku mbiri yakale, ambiri mwa iwo omwe anatumiza olemekezeka ndi mafumu ku guillotine ku France pa Zivomezi Zapamwamba m'zaka za zana la 18, pambuyo pawo iwo anaphedwa. Panali ngakhale mawu amphwando, omwe adalankhula ndi Pulezidenti wa Chilungamo Danton, omwe adanena kuti asadulidwe mutu: "Kupandukaku kumawononga ana awo."

Mbiri imadzibwereza yokha mkati mwa zaka za Stalinist mantha, pamene, ndi kupweteka kamodzi kwa cholembera, wopha dzulo akhoza kukhala pamagulu amodzi a ndende kapena kuwombera popanda kuimbidwa mlandu ndi kufufuza, monga momwe iye mwiniwakeyo anamutumizira ku imfa yake.

Chitsanzo chochititsa chidwi cha ichi ndicho Nikolai Yezhov, Commissar wa Zamkatimu a USSR. Kudalirika kwa masamba ambiri a biography akufunsidwa ndi olemba mbiri, chifukwa pali malo ambiri amdima.

Makolo

Malingana ndi malembawa, Yezhov Nikolai anabadwa mu 1895 ku St. Petersburg, m'banja logwira ntchito.

Pa nthawi yomweyo, pali lingaliro limene bambo wa People's Commissar anali Ivan Yezhov, amene anabadwa naye. Volkhonshchino (Chigawo cha Tula) ndipo anatumikira mwamsanga ku Lithuania. Kumeneku anakumana ndi msungwana wina, yemwe posakhalitsa anakwatirana, anasankha kuti asabwerere kwawo. Pambuyo pofulumizitsa anthu, banja la Yezhov linasamukira ku chigawo cha Suvalka, ndipo Ivan anapeza ntchito kwa apolisi.

Ubwana

Pa nthawi imene iye anabadwa, makolo ake, mwachiwonekere, ankakhala m'mudzi wina wa Mariampol dera (lomwe tsopano ndi gawo la Lithuania). Patatha zaka zitatu bambo wa mnyamatayo adasankhidwa kukhala woyang'anira chigawo cha zemstvo. Izi zinali chifukwa chake banja lathu linasamukira ku Mariampol, kumene Kolya adadziwika kuti ali zaka zitatu ku sukulu ya pulayimale.

Poganizira mwana wake wamwamuna mokwanira, mu 1906 makolo ake anamutumiza kwa wachibale ku St. Petersburg, kumene ankayenera kuti azidziŵa malonda ake.

Achinyamata

Ngakhale mu biography ya Nikolai Ezhov akuti mpaka 1911 iye amagwira ntchito Putilov Plant monga wophunzira wa locksmith. Komabe, zolemba zosindikiza sizikutsimikizira izi. Ziri zodziwika kuti mu 1913 mnyamatayu anabwerera kwa makolo ake m'chigawo cha Suvalkskaya, ndipo adayendayenda kufunafuna ntchito. Panthaŵi imodzimodziyo, anakhala kwanthawi yaitali ku Tilsit (Germany).

M'chaka cha 1915, Yezhov Nikolai anadzipereka kuti apite kunkhondo. Ataphunzira ku 76th Infantry Battalion, anatumizidwa ku North-Western Front.

Patapita miyezi iŵiri, atadwala kwambiri ndi kuvulala pang'ono, anatumizidwa kutsogolo, ndipo kumayambiriro kwa chilimwe cha 1916 Nikolai Yezhov, amene anali ndi mamita 1 masentimita 51, anapezeka wosayenera kugwira ntchito ya usilikali. Pa chifukwa chimenechi, adatumizidwa kumsonkhanowo wam'mbuyo ku Vitebsk, komwe anapita kumatchalitchi ndi madiresi, ndipo posakhalitsa, monga odziwa bwino kuwerenga asilikali, adasankhidwa kukhala mlaliki.

Kumayambiriro kwa chaka cha 1917, Yezhov Nikolai adalowa kuchipatala, ndipo atabwerera ku chigawo chake kumayambiriro kwa 1918, adathamangitsidwa kwa miyezi isanu ndi umodzi ndi matenda. Anapitanso kwa makolo ake, omwe panthawiyo ankakhala m'chigawo cha Tver. Kuyambira mu August chaka chomwechi, Yezhov anayamba kugwira ntchito pa fakitale ya galasi ku Vyshny Volochok.

Chiyambi cha phwando la phwando

Mu mafunso omwe Yezhov mwini adayambitsa kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1920, adanena kuti adalowa mu RSDLP mu May 1917. Komabe, patapita kanthawi anayamba kunena kuti adachitanso mu March 1917. Pa nthawi yomweyi, malingana ndi anthu ena a mumzinda wa Vitebsk bungwe la RSDLP, Yezhov adalowa pa August 3 okha.

Mu April 1919, adaitanidwa ku Red Army ndipo adatumizidwa ku radiyo ku Saratov. Kumeneko iye anayamba kutumikira monga wachinsinsi, ndipo kenako wolemba mabuku pansi pa lamulo. Mu October chaka chomwechi, Yezhov Nikolay anatenga udindo wa komiti, pomwe akatswiri a zailesi anaphunzitsidwa, ndipo kumayambiriro kwa 1921 adasankhidwa kukhala a commissar ndipo adasankhidwa kukhala wotsogolera wamkulu wa komiti ya agitpropagandist ya Komiti ya Tatar ya RCP.

Pa ntchito ya phwando ku likulu

Mu July 1921, Ezhov Nikolai analembetsa ukwati ndi A. Titova. Atangokwatirana kumene, wokwatirana kumene anapita ku Moscow ndipo anasamukira kumeneko ndi mwamuna wake.

Mu likulu la Yezhov anayamba kupita patsogolo mwamsanga muutumiki. Makamaka, patapita miyezi yowerengeka adatumizidwa ku Komiti Yachigawo ya Mari ya Partyyo ngati mlembi wamkulu.

Kuwonjezera pamenepo, adagwira nawo ntchito izi:

• Mlembi wamkulu wa Komiti ya Semipalatinsk Gubernia;
• Mutu wa komiti ya m'dera la Kyrgyz;
• Komiti Wachiwiri Wachiwiri wa Komiti Yachigawo ya Kazak;
• Mlangizi wa Dipatimenti ya Komiti Yaikulu.

Malinga ndi otsogolera, Yezhov Nikolai Ivanovich anali wochita bwino, koma anali ndi vuto lalikulu - sankadziwa momwe angayime, ngakhale pamene palibe chimene chingachitike.

Atagwira ntchito ku Komiti Yaikulu mpaka 1929, adatumikira miyezi 12 monga Deputy Commissar ya ulimi wa USSR, ndipo adabwerera ku bungwe loyang'anira ntchito.

"Kuyeretsa"

Orgraspredotdelom Nikolai Ezhov anali kuyang'anira mpaka 1934. Panthaŵi imodzimodziyo anaphatikizidwa ku Central Commission ya CPSU, yomwe iyenera kuchita "purge" ya phwando, ndipo kuchokera mu February 1935 iye anasankhidwa kukhala pulezidenti wa CCP ndi mlembi wa Komiti Yaikulu.

Kuchokera mu 1934 mpaka 1935, Yezhov, m'malo mwa Stalin, adalamula mlandu wa Kremlin ndi kufufuza za kuphedwa kwa Kirov. Ndi amene anawatsatanitsa ndi zochitika za Zinoviev, Trotsky ndi Kamenev, ndithudi akulowetsa chiwembu ndi Agranov motsutsana ndi mkulu wa anthu otsiriza a People's Commissar wa NKVD Yagoda.

Kusankhidwa kwatsopano

Mu September 1936, J. Stalin ndi A. Zhdanov, omwe anali pa nthawiyi paulendo, adatumizira telegram yochuluka ku likulu lomwe analitumiza ku Molotov, Kaganovich ndi ena a Politburo a Komiti Yaikulu. Mmenemo iwo adafuna kuti aike Yezhov ku malo a People's Commissar of Internal Affairs, ndikusiya Agranov kukhala wotsogolera.

Inde, lamuloli linaphedwa nthawi yomweyo, ndipo kale kumayambiriro kwa mwezi wa Oktoba 1936, Nikolai Yezhov adasaina lamulo loyamba pa dipatimenti yake kuti atenge ofesi.

Yezhov Nikolai - People's Commissar Zokhudza Zamkatimu

Mofanana ndi G. Yagoda, adagonjetsedwa ndi mabungwe a chitetezo cha boma ndi apolisi, komanso othandizira othandizira, mwachitsanzo, dipatimenti ya moto ndi misewu.

Pulogalamu yake yatsopano, Nikolai Yezhov adayankhula ndi magulu otsutsa anthu omwe akuganiza kuti ndi azondi kapena ntchito zotsutsana ndi Soviet, "kuyeretsa" pulezidenti, kumangidwa kwa anthu ambiri, kuthamangitsidwa pa malo a anthu, a dziko komanso a bungwe.

Makamaka, mutatha mu March 1937 Plenum wa Komiti Yaikulu inamuuza kuti asamalire kukhazikitsidwa kwa dongosolo mu zigawo za NKVD, antchito 2,273 a dipatimenti iyi adagwidwa. Kuwonjezera apo, kunali pansi pa Yezhov kuti malamulo adatumizidwa kumalo a NKVD pansi, kuwonetsa chiwerengero cha anthu osakhulupirika omwe adayenera kumangidwa, kuwombera, kuthamangitsidwa kapena kuikidwa m'ndende ndi kumangidwa.

Kwa "zozizwitsa" izi Yezhov adapatsa Lamulo la Lenin. Ndiponso, kuti adzilemekeze, n'zotheka kunena kuti chiwonongeko cha alonda akale omwe adasintha, omwe ankadziwa zambiri zokhudza zolemba za anthu ambiri oyambirira a boma.

Pa April 8, 1938 Yezhov anasankhidwa panthawi imodzi ndi People's Commissar of Water Transport, ndipo patapita miyezi ingapo, maudindo a Woyang'anira Wachiwiri kwa NKVD ndi Mtsogoleri wa Dipatimenti Yaikulu Yachigawo cha Chitetezo adatengedwa ndi Lavrenty Beria.

Opal

Mu November 1938, Politburo KP anakambirana za chidzudzulo cha Nikolai Yezhov, chomwe chinasaina ndi mtsogoleri wa nthambi ya Ivanovo ya NKVD. Patatha masiku angapo, a People's Commissar adapempha pempho loti asankhe ntchito, pomwe adavomereza udindo wake wa "adani" omwe adalowa mu ofesi ya aphungu komanso NKVD.

Atayembekezera kuti akaidi adakali pafupi, m'kalata yopita kwa mtsogoleri wa anthu, adafunsa kuti asakhudze "amayi ake a zaka makumi asanu ndi awiri" ndipo anamaliza uthenga wake ndi mawu akuti "akugonjetsa adaniwo ndi mphamvu".

Mu December 1938, Izvestia ndi Pravda anasindikiza lipoti lakuti Yezhov, malinga ndi pempho lake, adamasulidwa ku ntchito ya mutu wa NKVD, koma adasunganso malo a People's Commissar for Water Transport. Wotsatira wake anali Lavrenty Beria, yemwe anayamba ntchito yake ndi kumangidwa kwa anthu pafupi ndi Yezhov ku NKVD, makhoti ndi ofesi ya ofesi.

Pa tsiku la 15 la imfa ya Lenin, N. Yezhov adapita kuchithunzi chofunikira kwambiri cha boma - msonkhano wapadera woperekedwa kwa chaka chokhumudwitsa chimenechi. Koma chochitika chinachitika, chomwe chinatsimikizira kuti kuposa kale, mitambo ya mkwiyo wa mtsogoleri wa anthu adasonkhana pa iye-sanasankhidwe kukhala nthumwi ku XVIII Congress ya All-Union Communist Party.

Kumangidwa

Mu April 1939, Yezhov Nikolai Ivanovich, yemwe mbiri yake mpaka pano ndi nkhani ya ntchito yopambana ya mwamuna yemwe sanaphunzire sukulu ya pulayimale, anamangidwa. Kumangidwa kumeneku kunachitika ku ofesi ya Malenkov, pamodzi ndi Beria, yemwe adasankhidwa kuti apite kafukufuku pa mlandu wake. Kuchokera kumeneko anatumizidwa ku ndende yapadera ya Sukhanov ya NKVD ya USSR.

Pambuyo pa masabata awiri Yezhov analemba kalata yomwe adavomereza kuti anali kugonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha. Pambuyo pake, iye adagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati umboni kuti anachita zochitika zachilendo zokhudzana ndi kugonana kwa zolinga zadyera komanso zotsutsana ndi Soviet.

Komabe, chinthu chachikulu chimene adanenedwa kuti chinali chokonzekera chigamulo cha boma ndi ogwira ntchito zamagulu omwe amayenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito kuti awononge anthu a chipani ndi boma pa November 7 ku Red Square, panthawi yomwe akuwonetsa antchito.

Chiweruzo ndi kuphedwa

Nikolai Yezhov, amene chithunzi chake chikufotokozedwa m'nkhaniyi, anakana milandu yonse yomwe amamuneneza ndipo amachititsa kuti asamangokhalira kuchita khama pankhani yokhudza "kuyeretsa" ziwalo za chitetezo monga cholakwika chake chokha.

Pa mawu ake omalizira pa mlandu, Yezhov adati adakwapulidwa pa kufufuza, ngakhale kuti adamenya nkhondo zaka 25 ndikuwononga adani a anthu. Kuonjezera apo, adanena kuti ngati akufuna kuchita chigawenga motsutsana ndi mmodzi wa mamembala a boma, sanafunikire kupeza munthu aliyense, akhoza kugwiritsa ntchito zipangizo zoyenera.

Pa February 3, 1940, anthu omwe kale anali a Commissar anaweruzidwa kuti awombere. Kuphedwa kunachitikira tsiku lotsatira. Malingana ndi umboni wa iwo amene adatsagana nawo nthawi yotsiriza ya moyo wake, asanamwalire iye anaimba "Internationale". Imfa ya Nikolai Ezhov inabwera nthawi yomweyo. Kuti awononge ngakhale kukumbukira kwa oyimba nawo akale, atsogoleli a chipani adaganiza zokonza mtembo wake.

Pambuyo pa imfa

Ponena za mayeso a Yezhov ndi kuwombera kwake, palibe chomwe chinafotokozedwa. Chinthu chokhacho chodziwika ndi nzika yamba ya Dziko la Soviets ndi kubwerera kwa dzina lakale ku mzinda wa Cherkessk, komanso kuwonongeka kwa mafano a anthu omwe kale anali a Commissar kuchokera ku zithunzi za gulu.

Mu 1998, Nikolai Yezhov adadziwika kuti sagwirizanitsidwe ndi Collegium Military ya Supreme Court ya Russian Federation. Mfundo zotsatirazi zinatchulidwa ngati zifukwa:

• Yezhov adapanga anthu ambirimbiri omwe ankadana naye;
• Iye amaletsa mkazi wake wa moyo, chifukwa iye akanakhoza kufotokoza ntchito zake zoletsedwa, ndipo anachita chirichonse kuti awononge mlanduwu chifukwa cha kudzipha;
• Chifukwa cha ntchito zomwe zinachitidwa malinga ndi malamulo a Nikolai Yezhov, nzika zoposa 1.5 miliyoni zinatsutsidwa.

Ezhov Nikolai Ivanovich: moyo waumwini

Monga tanenera kale, Antonina Titova anali mkazi woyamba wa People's Commissar (1897-1988). Banja lathu linatha mu 1930 ndipo linalibe ana.

Ndi mkazi wachiwiri - Eugenia (Sulamith) Solomonovna - Ezhov anakumana pamene akadakwatirana ndi dipatimate ndi wolemba nkhani Alexei Gladun. Mayi wina adasudzulana posakhalitsa ndipo adakhala mkazi wa chipani chogwira ntchito.

Banjali silinathe kubereka mwana wawo, koma adatenga mwana wamasiye. Msungwanayo amatchedwa Natalia, ndipo atadzipha amayi ake omvera, omwe anachitika posakhalitsa Yezhov atamangidwa ndi kuphedwa kwake, iye anali kumasiye wamasiye.

Tsopano mukudziwa yemwe Nikolai Yezhov anali, amene mbiri yake inali yokwanira kwa ogwira ntchito ambiri a zida za boma za zaka zimenezo, omwe adalandira mphamvu muzaka zoyambirira za bungwe la USSR ndi omwe adatsiriza miyoyo yawo mofanana ndi omwe anazunzidwa.