Mainboard - ndi chiyani ichi? The zida ndi makhalidwe chachikulu

Kholo ( "mavabodi» / mavabodi), kapena, mu kulankhula kwina, mavabodi - ndi mbali yofunika ya kompyuta munthu. maonekedwe ake izo akufanana ndi zonse textolite mbale, zomwe lalikulu zedi ndi mkuwa mawaya, zolumikizira, polumikizira, ndi zinthu zina. Kuika youma chinenero, gulu - ichi ndi chachikulu msonkhano unit.

zolumikizira ake ndi polumikizira zakonzedwa zigawo zikuluzikulu zonse kompyuta munthu: ndi purosesa chachikulu, kuwonjezeka khadi, khadi video, kapena khadi, RAM ndipo chosungira ndi zipangizo zina yosungirako / owerenga zambiri.

Komanso, mavabodi - ndi ngalande kwa manipulators kunja ndi utumiki zotumphukira. The zolumikizira zosiyanasiyana kumbuyo kwa mavabodi ndi kulumikiza mbewa, kiyibodi, chosindikizira, polojekiti, sikana, zipangizo zolankhulirana, ndi zipangizo zina.

Kuti zosiyanasiyana izi zonse ntchito monga kuyenera, muyenera sekondale mphamvu okwanira, mwachitsanzo dongosolo wagawo gulu ayenera olumikizidwa kwa gwero kudzera cholumikizira wapachiyambi. polumikizira izi makamaka okonzeka ndi wapadera "foolproof" kumene wolandila ali ndi pulasitiki makiyi Ikani ndipo zingakhale chimodzi chokha, njira yolondola. mfundo zofanana ndi kugwirizana ndi zolumikizira zina, mwachitsanzo Mlengi mwanzeru anaonetsetsa kuti zigawo mtengo sali mu dongosolo chifukwa Kulumikizana pachithunzichi. zizindikiro zimenezi zimasiyana Motherboards ambiri otchuka: Asrock, MSI, «GB", "Asus" ndi ena.

zinthu mavabodi mawonekedwe

Fomu Factor mavabodi ndiyo mfundo ogwiritsa kuti galimotoyo. Komanso, mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya makhadi ndi chosiyana dongosolo la zolumikizira mphamvu, chiwerengero cha polumikizira kwa kulumikiza periphery ndi mbali mkati, komanso malo awo. Popeza kuwerenga zotheka mitundu yonse zitatu za motherboards. Pafupifupi zopangidwa onse, monga iwo amati, pa kumva, zinthu zina malamulo amenewa, ndiko kuti, MSI mainboards, "Asus", "Samsung", "GB" ndi zina Asrock. N.

Kupanga Factor:

1. Mini-ITX. Kukula zing'onozing'ono bolodi ndi nambala kochepa wa polumikizira ndi purosesa zambiri kale Integrated (bajeti njira).
2. Yaying'ono-ATX. mainboard khalidwe amatanthauziridwa kuti ambiri mawu a magwiridwe. Osiyana yovomerezeka kukula ndi imatengedwa zabwino njira nyumba PC, ngakhale ndi yaing'ono ya polumikizira kwa lachitatu chipani peripherals. Nthawi zambiri m'ngalawa mavabodi chipset waikidwa ndi zoletsa zina, koma iwo si ovuta ntchito wapatali ndi PC kunyumba.
3. Standart-ATX. Kukula waukulu wa gulu ndi uthunthu wonse wa chipsets. Iwo ali okwanira chiwerengero cha polumikizira kumaliza ntchito ndi mitundu yonse ya peripherals. A yabwino ndi kuvutanganitsidwa wopanda unsembe pamodzi ndi zamalumikizidwe kwambiri.

Onetsetsani kuganizira mawonekedwe chinthu mavabodi, komanso kukula kwake, ngati muli komplektuete dongosolo unit. Mavabodi mtundu mini-ITX angathe kuikidwa mu nyumba iliyonse, koma mitundu ina kuti zikugwirizana kukula kwa dongosolo unit.

Zolumikizira mapurosesa ( "zitsulo» / bowo)

Taonani zina mwa zinthu zolumikizira kwa mapurosesa. Mokulira ndi mavabodi - ndi chinthu cha payekha aliyense purosesa, ndi mosemphanitsa. Choncho, onetsetsani kuti kuganizira makhalidwe a cholumikizira mu kusankha zigawo, ndicho ndi purosesa kwa kompyuta.

A osiyanasiyana ankaikira "zitsulo" mawonekedwe ndi lalikulu ndi chabe mtundu oyenera wina ya chipsets. Mwachitsanzo, mavabodi Gigabyte GA ndi AMD waika chodetsa FX2, AM3 ndi AM3 +. Ndiko kuti, kugula purosesa iliyonse ndi Mmodzi mwa "zitsulo" -pometok, inu mosavuta kugwirizana kwa mavabodi lapansi. Chinthu chofanana ndi mpikisano wa "Intel": a LGA 1150 ndi 1155 olemba adzalola kusankha yoyenera ya chipsets Mwachitsanzo, dongosolo mavabodi Samsung kapena "Asus".

BIOS (BIOS)

Kenako, tikambirana zinthu zapadera lililonse mavabodi. Ziribe kanthu chomwe munafuna -. Loyamba kapena bolodi chachiwiri, wachikulire kapena watsopano, ndi zina zotero N. Zingakhale Mulimonsemo kukhala mu Chip BIOS kwa systematization yaikulu ya athandizira ndi linanena bungwe (BIOS - Kuweta Lowetsani-linanena bungwe System).

mavabodi iliyonse (Gigabyte, "Asus", "Samsung", ndi MSI, ndi ena) amanyamula angapo subsystems yovuta, zimene ziyenera molondola kukhazikitsidwa. Ena magwiridwe mwina wolemala ngati Mwachitsanzo, simuyenera anamanga-zithunzi accelerator, chifukwa bolodi amamasulidwa ku kunja kwa thupi khadi zithunzi.

Zokonda onse BIOS zasungidwa mu wapadera Chip-CMOS (m'munsimu). Mtundu uwu wa yosungirako chipangizo "kwa zaka zambiri", amayendera lifiyamu selo. Ngakhale ngati muli pa nthawi yaitali kwambiri, zimitsani kompyuta, deta mu CMOS adzapulumuka. Ngati ndi kotheka, "mwamwano" kuti bwererani zoikamo zonse, potenga batire mwa Chip lapansi. Mfundo sitinganene kuti yovuta, chifukwa zigawo zikuluzikulu zonse zofunikira potsegula litayamba molimba monga kompyuta kapena kukumbukira amadziwitsidwa wapezeka - osachepera mu kachitidwe kamakono (kuyambira 2006). tsiku ndi nthawi poyamba kukhazikitsidwa, ndithudi, adzakhala Yambitsaninso.

Chip CMOS

Pafupifupi mavabodi iliyonse (Asus, «GB», MSI ndi ena) lili Chip CMOS, masitolo kusintha onse anapanga BIOS lapansi. Palokha, Chip ndi kunyeketsa kwenikweni apano - zosakwana microampere kotero batire ziri zoposa mokwanira kwa chaka kapena zaka zingapo.

Nthawi zina, ngati katunduyo kwathunthu pansi, kompyuta mwina jombo. Ambiri novice mbuye mu nkhani iyi, kamodzi uchimo dongosolo bolodi. Pofuna yomweyo kuthetsa chifukwa kotheka (pambuyo kompyuta yaitali zachabe), muyenera kuchotsa khungu batire kunja kwa Chip CMOS ndi Chisudzulo Chikuwononga dongosolo. Ngati kompyuta ali anayamba kapena anayamba kuwonetsa zizindikiro za moyo, vuto anali shrunken mu CMOS-batire.

Komanso, m'pofunika kuona kuti chinthu kuwona kulemba, kumene woyamba manambala awiri amasonyeza awiri a batire, ndi lotsatira awiri - mphamvu. Zaikidwa CMOS-batire ayenera akhale okonzeka ndi "kudziletsa kulemekeza" mavabodi (Gigabyte, MSI, «Asus", "Samsung", ndi zina zotero. D.). Ngati inu mulibe anakumana ndi mayiyu - ndi nthawi kusamala ndi kukayikira m'maganizo ndi unamwali wa mankhwala anagula. Kwakukulu mphamvu batire la, yaitali mchitidwe ntchito ndi thicker ndi. Standard zida motherboards zambiri zikuphatikizapo 2032 mtundu batire, i.e. batire ndi awiri a 20 mamilimita ndi mphamvu 32 mah. More kawirikawiri akhoza kukumana zinthu zambiri wodzichepetsa monga 2025.

IDE mawonekedwe

Kenako ofunika gawo, yomwe zida zonse mavabodi (Asus, MSI, «GB», Asrock ndi ena), ndi polumikizira ntchito ndi zovuta owerenga abulusa ndi deta, ndiye nthawi zambiri, abulusa zovuta, abulusa DVD ndi zipangizo zina yosungirako zambiri.

Home ndi ofesi PC ntchito milandu ndi ziwiri zikuluzikulu mawonekedwe - IDE ichi ndi SATA. Cholumikizira IDE (Integrated Drive Electronics) ndi 40 pini wolandila ndipo amatha kugwira ntchito ndi chimbale zolimba kapena DVD pagalimoto kudzera ndi chingwe kusintha riboni. zenizeni lero amakakamizidwa pang'onopang'ono kusiya mtundu wa mawonekedwe, komabe izo angathe pa ena motherboards (zambiri MSI ndi "Asus") kuti athe kulumikiza wakale abulusa mwakhama ndi actuators.

Monga mmene nkhani ya cholumikizira magetsi, IDE-mawonekedwe ali "foolproof", ndiko kulumikiza bwino sindingakhoze. Achikulire motherboards okonzeka ndi awiri amalandira, kuti ndi pulayimale ndi sekondale (pulayimale ndi sekondale, motero). Nthawi zambiri, ndi chosungira anali olumikizidwa kwa pulayimale kukhudzana ndi abulusa owerenga - ku sekondale.

Aliyense IDE-mawonekedwe (njira), awiri kunja devaysa akhoza chokhudzana - waukulu (mbuye) ndi akapolo (kapolo). Kusankha ndi chonyamulira yoyenera anasankha chizindikiro ntchito jumpers wapadera (jumpers) pa zipangizo okha. Ndipo ngati inu molakwika kuvala njira yomweyo ya awiri "ambuye" kapena akapolo, palibe mmodzi wa iwo sizigwira ntchito, kotero, ayenera kukhala chipangizo chachikulu ndi mbali.

SATA mawonekedwe

Channel "Satana" - akonzedwa nthaŵi polumikizira, mosiyana IDE, izo limakupatsani ntchito pa liwiro apamwamba kwambiri ndi zipangizo zikugwirizana. Pa nthawi, izo pafupifupi mwathunthu analetsa pamaso pa IDE-zipangizo ndipo akupitiriza kukhala (SATA2, SATA3, ndi zina zotero. D.).

Malinga ndi mawonekedwe Chinthu ndi mavabodi Mlengi osiyana chiwerengero cha zolumikizira "Satana" likhoza kukhala pa mavabodi lapansi. Masiku ano muyezo zipangizo zikuphatikizapo pamaso pa polumikizira zinayi za mtundu uwu, pamene zitsanzo akulu okonzeka ndi awiri okha.

PS / 2 mawonekedwe

Monga tanena pa mavabodi ndi polumikizira kuti peripherals kunja. Kugwirizanitsa kiyibodi ndi manipulator "mbewa" ndi zisanu ndi pini amalandira PS / 2 ndi makiyi lolingana ndi utoto ku mitundu yosiyanasiyana. Mfundo akhoza kutchedwa "foolproof", chifukwa aliyense mtundu limafanana ndi mtundu zida kuti chikugwirizana (mbewa - wobiriwira, kiyibodi - wofiirira), ndi chimene chimagwira ntchito mu mayendedwe onse, kuti, mwachitsanzo, mbewa kukhudzana anu ayenera kukhala obiriwira.

Mwakucimbidza tiyenera kuchenjeza owerenga kuti Mulimonsemo sangathe chikugwirizana, komanso ndi pa periphery wa PS / 2 cholumikizira pa kompyuta, chifukwa zingawononge osati kiyibodi kapena mbewa, komanso gulu dongosolo. Chabwino, ngati mavabodi ali okonzeka ndi gulu la mafyuzi kwa nkhani iyi, kapena akhoza kuuluka dongosolo lonse.

Chotero mafyuzi tchipisi ndi zochepa kwambiri ndiponso yosavuta kuwotcha pa pamwamba "kusinthitsa" kanthu. Pofuna kuyesa magwiridwe a lama fuyusi ndi, n'zotheka alire Tester ochiritsira. Ngati sichitha, ndiye mosavuta (ndi wotchipa) m'malo, ndipo pitirizani osati pachiswe, kuwapangitsa kapena disabling pa periphery akunja pamene kompyuta ndi pa PS / 2 doko. Komanso Dziwani kuti izi zili ndi tchipisi zomwe kuteteza si onse motherboards, kotero kulabadira mfundo imeneyi pamene kugula mwachionekere si chinthu chapadera.

USB mawonekedwe

Pakati zolumikizira ena kunja malo apadera zapatsidwa kwa USB-mawonekedwe (konsekonse siriyo basi). Amakhala mizere anayi, awiri akusungidwira chakudya ndi zina kufala deta. Mosiyana ndi finicky PS / 2 madoko, peripherals olumikizidwa mwa USB-cholumikizira, zikhoza kusintha, ndiko kuti, pa amapita. The mawonekedwe yokha anaonekera ndithu nthawi yayitali ndipo anatha kupeza ena zosintha ndi patsogolo.

Luso kulumikiza ndi kusagwirizana zipangizo ndi USB-cholumikizira pamene kompyuta zimatheka kupyolera mawonekedwe winawake. Main mphamvu kulankhula ndi oyandikira cholumikizira kubwereketsa, mosiyana deta chipika. Ndiko kuti, pa nthawi ya kusintha mphamvu iyamba kuyenda mu omaliza adzakhala oyamba ndi sakukhudzidwa.

The USB-mawonekedwe angagwiritsidwe olumikizidwa mwa ambiri peripherals: osindikiza, mafoni, mapiritsi, Zitsulo zofufuzira zidazo, makamera ndi zambiri, komanso kiyibodi mwachizolowezi ndi mbewa (kumbukirani ngati mafyuzi tchipisi watentha madoko PS / 2).

A pang'ono kale kulumikiza makinawo ndi Zitsulo zofufuzira zidazo ntchito yomweyi, madoko LPT, ndipo ngakhale n'kukhala - ndi siriyo Com polumikizira. Masiku ano, si ntchito, ndipo inu mukhoza kukumana iwo okha pa motherboards akulu makadi. Koma ndi bwino, chifukwa pamene inu kulumikiza mtundu uwu zida pa PC ntchito ungapsereze onse chosindikizira ndi doko yokha.

PCI ndi PCI Express polumikizira

Mipata PCI ndi PCI Express matabwa kuwonjezeka yadaikidwa kuti: makadi network mafoni, modems, makadi video, etc. makadi onse anaika, monga ulamuliro, mu mtundu wa PCI Express mawonekedwe chifukwa cha liwiro lake ... Poyamba ntchito ndi accelerators likutipatsa ntchito AGP-mtundu cholumikizira, koma ndi achikale ndipo icho pa motherboards masiku ano zovuta kukhulupirira.

Komanso Dziwani kuti m'kupita kwa nthawi, mipata izi amawononga, kusokoneza ntchito yachibadwa chipangizo. Fast "mankhwala" apa chimodzi - kukokera chipangizo kuchokera grooves, ndi misozi ojambula njira mowa ndi reinsert. More kwambiri kukonza - ndi m'malo a mavabodi, koma m'pofunika milandu yapadera komanso yosowa kwambiri.

Kudziwa kuti PCI basi lasintha angapo m'kupita kwa kulima, ndipo malingana ndi chaka kupanga za zolumikizira mavabodi zingasiyane ndi maonekedwe, ndipo kuya pang'ono.

Main kukumbukira (RAM)

Panopa mukhoza kupeza mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya RAM kukumbukira: la DDR2, wa DDR3 ndi DDR4. Chakale n'kupanga DDR1 si ntchito, iwo akhoza amangoona pa motherboards wamkulu.

Wosiyana ena ojambula aliyense kukumbukira opaleshoni pafupipafupi, kukula, ndi voteji. Munthu aliyense ali ndi mtundu wa mphako (kiyi) pansi, ndi limene mtundu wa kukumbukira anatsimikiza. Ena motherboards angathandizire mitundu iwiri basi mipiringidzo, umene uli yabwino kwa pambuyo Sinthani.

Sami zolumikizira zili ndi latches wapadera fixation otetezeka pa bolodi. Trims amene anaika ndi khama ena, komwe pitani yeniyeni amveka pambuyo unsembe bwino - zikutanthauza gawo molondola midzi (kapena muli wosweka latch, kukankha zovuta kwambiri pa izo).

Main kukumbukira, kuwonjezera gigabytes mchere muli tchipisi wamng'ono SPD, kuyang'anira nthawi, mwachitsanzo am'manga deta mtundu wa RAM (mwachisawawa mwayi kukumbukira). Mu BIOS, mukhoza kudzifunsa ena timings wake kapena kusiya kwa nzeru za trims kwambiri. Mu zimasweka RAM kapena dongosolo lonse (overclocking) anakhazikitsa pazipita kuchedwa adzafupikitsidwa.

Monga zinachitikira PCI-mipata, RAM zigawo angayambe ntchito bwinobwino, ndipo ichi m'pofunika kuchita Momwemo zalongosoledwa mu gawo pamwamba, ndi zonse ntchito monga kuyenera.