Mayiko ati ku Ulaya adalengedwa ndi a Normans. Anthu a ku Normans ku Ulaya

Musanadziwe kuti mayiko a ku Ulaya adapangidwa ndi a Normans, m'pofunika kupeza mtundu wa anthu omwe adabisala pansi pa dzina ili. Mawu awa ali ofanana ndi lingaliro lofala kwambiri la "Vikings". Iwo anali odziwa kuyenda bwino kuchokera ku Scandinavia amene, pofunafuna moyo wabwino, anasiya malo awo ovuta ndipo anapita kukafunkha mayiko apakatikati.

Nthaŵi ya nkhondo yotereyi kuchokera kumpoto imatengedwa kuti ndi zaka za zana la 8 ndi 11. Viking anali achikunja ndipo ankalambira milungu yambiri, yomwe inayamba mu nthawi ya Chikhristu chisanayambe. Malo ofunika mu chipembedzocho anali otanganidwa ndi Odin, mulungu wa nkhondo. Moyo wotsutsa wa a Norwegiya, Denmark ndi Sweden unawopsya mitima ya anthu a ku West European maufumu, omwe anali atakhazikika kale ndipo anayamba kukhala otukuka. Iwo ankatcha Vikings Normans (inu mukhoza kumasulira monga "anthu akumpoto"). Mbiri ya mafuko awa idzakuthandizani kumvetsetsa bwino zomwe dziko la Europe linalengedwa ndi a Normans. Mbiri (Gawo 6) makamaka amaphunzira mutu uwu pulogalamu yake.

Mpaka kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1800, maulendo ndi zofunkha zinali zachilengedwe. Atsogoleriwa ankangoganizira za nyamazo, kenako adalandira lamulo loti abwerere kwawo. Komabe, patapita nthawi, zonse zinasintha. Tsopano oyendetsedwa ndi ludzu ndi olemekezeka a panyanja adagonjetsa dzikolo ndikukhazikika.

Duchy waku Normandy

Poyankha funso, limene linanena kuti ku Ulaya linalengedwa ndi anthu a ku Normans, likulu la Normandy liyenera kuzindikiranso. Mayiko ameneŵa kumpoto kwa France pamtsinje wa River Seine anayamba kugwidwa ndi adani ochokera kumpoto. Mu 889, mtsogoleri wa Viking, wotchedwa Khrolf Pedestrian, adakhazikika pano. Kuchokera pano, ndi asilikali ake, adagonjetsa ufumu wa France, mpaka kufika kufupi ndi Paris. Chiyambi chake chikutsutsanabe. Malinga ndi limodzi lamasulidwe ake ndi Dane, winayo ndi Norwegian.

Mfumu ya France siidatha, kuchotsa alendo kunja kwa chuma chake, kotero mu 911 Charles III wa Rustic woperekedwa kwa Rollon (monga momwe mbiri yachikhristu idatchedwa Khrolf) kuti abatizidwe ndi kukhala wovomerezeka wa a Carolingians. Mtsogoleri wa Viking anatenga dzina la Robert I ndipo anaika maziko a mafumu a Norman. Kodi ndi zinthu ziti ku Ulaya zomwe zinalengedwa ndi a Normans? Mayankho ochepawa ndi awa. Patapita nthaŵi, alendo a ku Scandinaviya adagwirizana ndi anthu amtundu wawo ndipo adalandira chinenero chawo, komanso miyambo yawo. Izi zikugwiritsanso ntchito ku ulamuliro wodalirika wadziko, omwe kale anali mgwirizano wa olemekezeka a nthawi imeneyo.

Conquest of England ndi Norman Dynasty

Mndandandawu, womwe ukusonyeza kuti ku Ulaya kunalengedwa ndi a Normans, ukupitirira ndi England. Mafumu omwe ankalamulira Normandy anali olamulira a French, koma sizinangokhalapo okha, komanso zinakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi chiwerengero cha anthu oyandikana nawo. Pakatikati pa zaka za zana la 11, Edward the Confessor, yemwe anali mu ufumu wa Anglo-Saxon Wessex, analamulira ku England. Ku Normandy, wokhala m'nthawi yake anali mbadwa ya Robert I Wilhelm. Mfumu ndi bwanamkubwa anali achibale akutali, zomwe zinapatsa womaliza kukhala ndi ufulu wolemba maudindo a oyambirira.

Pamene Edward anamwalira mu 1066, Wilhelm adalengeza ufulu wake ku Chingerezi. Atadutsa pachilumbacho, asilikali a Norman anagonjetsa Anglo-Saxons ndi Harold wawo wonyengerera ku nkhondo ya Hastings. Pomalizira pake, ufumuwo unali wochepa pambuyo pa zaka zisanu ndi chimodzi. Kotero, nchiyani chomwe chimachitika ku Ulaya chinalengedwa ndi a Normans? Yankho ndi England. Zochitika izi zakhala zikuluzikulu mu mbiri ya Europe yense.

Kufunika kwa Kugonjera kwa England

Kumvetsetsa zomwe zimachitika ku Ulaya kunalengedwa ndi anthu a ku Normans, sitingathe kusokoneza mfundo za kufunika kokwatira chisumbu cha British.

Choyamba, Foggy Albion potsiriza anaphwanya mgwirizano ndi Scandinavia. Zisanayambe, atsogoleri a ku Norway ndi a Denmark adayesa kugonjetsa chilumbachi ku mphamvu zawo. Zina zinapindula (mwachitsanzo, Knud Wamkulu), koma potsiriza kuti adzike ku Britain ma Vikings sanapambane. Zolemba zachikunja zinali zakale osati osati ku England, koma ku Ulaya lonse. Nyengo yatsopano yayamba. Ulamuliro wa Scandinavia unayamba Chikristu ndikulowa mu Ulaya.

Chachiwiri, England mwiniwake wasintha. Pano, mphamvu yokha ya mphamvu yachifumu potsiriza inavomerezedwa, yomwe idakula kokha kupitirira zaka. Nthaŵi pamene Anglo-Saxon angapo akuti anakhalapo pachilumbacho anatsala kale. Panthawi ya ulamuliro wa Wilhelm anapangidwa gulu limodzi logwirizana ndi asilikali, anawerengetsa anthu onse, omwe analembedwa mu "Bukhu la Chiweruzo Chotchuka". Anzeru a Norman analankhula Chifalansa ndipo anamutengera ku chilumbacho. Chilankhulo cha Chingerezi kwa zaka mazana ambiri chinakhala chizindikiro cha anthu wamba. Koma, monga momwe zinalili ndi Khrolf Vikings, kusintha kwa mibadwo kudasintha kunachitika, chifukwa chakuti mawu ambiri a Chifalansa adalowa m'chinenero chakumeneko.

Ufumu wa Anglo-Norman

Ulamuliro wa Norman unalamulira mpaka 1135. Wilhelm ndi ana ake anayala maziko a boma lamakono la Britain, lomwe linakhala Britain. Ndi imfa ya atate wake, mpando wachifumuwo unatsogoleredwa ndi mwana wake wamwamuna dzina lake William II Red (Rufus) (1087 - 1100). Mkulu wake Robert Kurtgeoz analandira Normandy. Mwa njirayi, adakhala mmodzi mwa okonzekera nkhondo yoyamba ku Middle East.

Ubale pakati pa achibale unasokonezeka ndi mikangano nthawi zonse pa maudindo. Vutoli silinathetsedwe pamene Wilhelm adafera pa kusaka. Anali wamakhalidwe abwino ndipo adanyansidwa ndi a Anglo-Saxon akuluakulu a kuderalo, omwe adalepheretsa maziko a boma.

Mpando wachifumu wa Chingerezi unatengedwa ndi wamng'ono kwambiri mwa abale - Henry I (1100 - 1135). Robert anapitiriza kuyesa kupeza korona ya Chingerezi, kufikira atalandidwa pankhondo ya Tanshbre mu 1106. Anakhala zaka 28 m'ndende ndipo adamwalira kumbuyo. Henry analandira Normandy ndipo analumikiza cholowa cha atate wake. Ndi iye, kukula kunayamba ku Wales. Kuwonjezera apo, dera la France la Brittany linadalira pa izo.

Mwana wake wamwamuna ndi wolowa nyumba, Wilhelm, adafa mowopsya mu 1120 pambuyo pa kuwonongeka kwa White Ship mu English Channel. Chochitikachi chinawonjezereka vuto la dynastic. Heinrich atamwalira, nkhondo yapachiweniweni inayamba pakati pa mphwake Stefan ndi mwana wake Matilda. Mwana wake Henry Henry wachiwiri anakhala mu ufumu wa 1167, pambuyo pake mfumuyo inasiya, monga mfumu yatsopano ya atate ake inali ya banja la Plantagenets.

Panthawi imeneyi, mafumu a Norman elite ndi anthu a Anglo-Saxon adayamba, ndipo izi zinabweretsa kubadwa kwa dziko la Chingerezi ku Middle Ages.

Obers m'dera

Nkhani yozizwitsa ya asilikali a ku Scandinavia omwe alowerera kum'mwera kwa Italy ndipo adalenga ufumu wawo kumeneko sunganyalanyazedwe, ngati ndilo funso limene ku Ulaya linalengedwa ndi a Normans.

Cholowa chawo choyamba pa peninsula ya Apennine chinali chigawo cha Aversa ku Campania yamakono. Anapatsidwa Rainulf Drengo ndi Duke wa Naples Sergiyo IV mu 1030. Kuwonekera kwa mtsogolo kwa azimayi ambiri ochokera kumpoto kwa France kunamenyana ndi Byzantium, kenaka amenyana ndi ambuye a dziko la Italy.

Chigawo cha Puglia

Zomwezo ndizo zomwe zinachitika Wilhelm wa banja la Gottwil (mwazinthu zina - Zovuta). Anali msilikali wamilandu, ndipo panthawi ya nkhondo zambiri anali Apulia, kuthamangitsa Byzantines kumeneko mu 1042. Patapita nthawi, Gottwili anawonjezera chuma chawo, akudzizindikiritsa okha kuti anali olamulira a Ufumu Woyera wa Roma, ndiye Papa.

Kotero, mu 1071 Robert Guiscard adathamangitsa Asilamu ku chilumba cha Sicily, pambuyo pake adalandira kwa Papa kumalo omwewo. Zonsezi zimapangidwa ndi a Normans.

Ufumu ku Italy

Pambuyo pa maukwati angapo pakati pa mabanja omwe kale anali amsamali komanso malipiro ofanana, malingaliro onse a kum'mwera kwa Italy anali m'manja mwa Roger II, amenenso anali wa mafumu a Gottwil. Pa Tsiku la Khirisimasi 1130, antipope Anaklet II anamudziwa kukhala mfumu ya Sicily. Pambuyo pake mutuwu udzazindikiridwa ku Rome. Ufumu wa Sicilian unachititsa kugonjetsedwa kochepa pa mabungwe a Byzantine ndipo kwa zaka zana anakhala mphamvu yaikulu ku Mediterranean. Kwa kanthawi, ngakhale mayiko a kumpoto kwa Africa ndi Greece anali pansi pake.

Komabe, mzera woyamba kuchokera ku Normandy unatenga nthawi yochepa pampando wachifumu. Mu 1194 iwo unadutsa ku mafumu a Hohenstaufen, omwe mafumu enieni a Germany analipo. Kawirikawiri, Ufumu wa Sicilian unalipo mpaka mu 1816, pamene unathetsedweratu zotsatira zotsatira za Congress of Vienna pambuyo pa nkhondo za Napoleoni. Izi zimathera nkhani ya ku Ulaya yomwe inalengedwa ndi a Normans. Yankho ndizodabwitsa kwambiri, chifukwa anthu ochepa okha adatha kulandira maudindo m'madera osiyanasiyana ochokera ku Britain kupita ku Mediterranean.

Zotsatira za nkhondo ya Norman

Ana a ma Vikings adakhudza dziko lonse lapansi kwa zaka zambiri. Mayiko ku Ulaya, opangidwa ndi anthu a ku Normans, sanasinthe mapu a ndale okha, komanso adathandizira kusintha kwa mitundu, ku England.

Nkhondo ndi Kummawa (kuphatikizapo Zipembedzo) zateteza Akristu a ku Old World. Nkhani yomwe inanena ku Ulaya inalengedwa ndi a Normans, chidule chake chomwe chafotokozedwa pamwambapa, chikuwonetsa kuti ngakhale chidutswa chaching'ono cha anthu okhudzidwa chingasinthe mapeto a dziko lonse lapansi.