Decembrists mu Russia. Chilango cha Decembrists. Location ndi tsiku chilango cha Decembrists

Kwa zaka 200, ndi Decembrists kupanduka ali chidwi a mbiri yakale. Kwalembedwa kwambiri pa nkhani za sayansi ndi ngakhale dissertations pankhaniyi. Kodi chimachititsa chidwi imeneyi? Chinthu ndi kuti kuyambira kale, ndi Decembrists mu Russia anali woyamba amene anayerekeza kutsutsa mphamvu la mfumu. N'zochititsa chidwi kuphunzira zodabwitsazi anayamba opandukawo okha, kusanthula zimayambitsa kugalukira pa Senate Square ndi kugonjetsedwa kwake. Chifukwa chilango cha Decembrists anthu Russian wataya mtundu kwambiri ophunzira achinyamata, chifukwa iwo anali anachokera ku mabanja anthu otchuka, ophunzira ulemerero Nkhondo ya 1812. Tauka amene amadza pa tsoka la ndakatulo ndi luso. Choncho, A. Pushkin, chifukwa cha kugwirizana ndi gulu la Poro, anali ku ukapolo.

ndi Decembrists ndi amene

ndi Decembrists ndi ndani? Mwachidule iwo akhoza yodziwika motere: iwo ali mamembala a magulu angapo a ndale kumenyera chiyembekezo chakuti a serfdom ndi kusintha kwa boma. Mu December 1825 iwo anapanga bungwe kugalukira, amene anali kuponderezedwa mwankhanza.
anthu 5 (atsogoleri) anayikidwa ku chilango chochititsa manyazi chifukwa cha alonda. Decembrists, ophunzira zinatumizidwa ku Siberia, ena kuwombera pa malo a.

Zimayambitsa anapanduka

Chifukwa Decembrists anagalukira? zifukwa zingapo izi. Chief mwa iwo, kuti iwo ali zonse monga wina, ankasewera pa kufunsidwa mu linga la - mzimu wa ufulu wamaganizo, chikhulupiriro mu mphamvu ya anthu Russian atatopa kuponderezana - onse obadwa atapambana wanzeru ndi Napoleon. Sichangozi anthu 115 mwa Decembrists - ophunzira kukonda dziko lako Nkhondo ya 1812. Ndithudi, mmisonkhano usilikali, lomasula ku Ulaya, iwo asanakumanepo ndi nkhanza za serfdom. Ameneyo anawatsogolera ndi kusintha maganizo awo kwa dziko, "akapolo ndi ambuye."

Zinali zoonekeratu kuti serfdom atumiza otha ake. Kulimbana limodzi ndi anthu wamba, kuyankhula kwa iwo, Decembrists tsogolo anabwera zoti anthu akuyenera tsoka kuposa kuli kapolo. Alimi kwambiri, ankaganiza kuti nkhondo itatha, mkhalidwe wawo idzasintha bwino, chifukwa iwo anakhetsa magazi chifukwa cha kudzikolakwathu. Koma, mwatsoka, mfumu ndi ambiri a anthu olemekezeka mwamphamvu anagwiritsitsa kwa nyumbayi. N'chifukwa chake kwa zaka 1814 kuti 1820, dziko Inayamba oposa mazana awiri wamba kuukira. The apotheosis anali kupandukira msilikali Schwartz Semenovski alonda mu 1820. nkhanza wake asilikali yosavuta kuposa malire onse. Anthu a kayendedwe Decembrist, SERGEY Muravev-Apostol ndi Mikhail Bestuzhev-Ryumin, zinthu zimenezi zinkachitika, monga anatumikira mu Regiment izi.

Iwo ayenera kukumbukira kuti ndi mzimu wa ufulu maganizo anga ambiri ophunzira mu Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum: Mwachitsanzo, amishonale ake anali Leo I., V. Kiichelbecker, ndi ufulu kukoma ndakatulo ndi Pushkin ntchito mfundo yolimbikitsa.

Kumwera Society wa Decembrists

Iwo ayenera kumvetsa kuti gulu la Decembrists chiyani osadzuka balamanthu: chinakula mwa malingaliro chosintha dziko. Pavel Pestel analemba kuti maganizo amenewa kupita "kuchokera kumalekezero a Ulaya Russia" kuphimba ngakhale amene ankatsutsa maganizo Turkey ndi England. Zagwiridwa cha ntchito yabwino ya mfundo za Decembrist Poro. The oyamba - Union wa Chipulumutso (St. Petersburg, 1816) ndi Union of moyo (1918). The chachiwiri zinachitika pa maziko a koyamba, anali zochepa mobisa komanso zikuphatikizapo ambiri mamembala. Mu 1820 ndi inasokonekera chifukwa cha divergence maganizo.

Mu 1821, gulu latsopano linapangidwa magulu awiri; North (mu St. Petersburg, anali pa mutu wa Nikita Muravev) ndi South (mu Kiev, anali pa mutu wa Pavel Pestel). anthu Kumwera anali reactionary maganizo: kukhazikitsa Republic, anapereka kwa mambo. Kumwera Society dongosolo ankaimira amazilamulira atatu: choyamba, pamodzi ndi P. Pestel A. Yushnevsky anamuuzira ndipo, chachiwiri - S. Nyerere-Apostol, lachitatu - Davydov ndi S. Volkonskiy.

Pavel Ivanovich Pestel

Mtsogoleri wa Southern Society, Pavel Ivanovich Pestel, anabadwa mu 1793 mu Moscow. Iye anaphunzira maphunziro kwambiri ku Ulaya, ndipo atabwerera ku Russia ayamba kutumikira Corps a Masamba - makamaka olemekezeka mwayi. masamba patokha bwino anthu onse a m'banja lachifumu. Iwo anayamba kuonetsa ufulu kukoma kuyang'anitsitsa achinyamata Pestel. Mokongola maphunziro Corps, akupitiriza kutumikira Regiment Chilituyaniya ndi udindo wa chizindikiro Moyo alonda.

Pa nkhondo ya 1812 Pestel ndi zoipa ndiwobvulazidwa. Wochiritsidwayo, amabwerera utumiki amalimbana chamuna. Pakutha kwa nkhondo Pestel pamwamba mphoto ambiri, kuphatikizapo golide zida umafunika. Nkhondo yachiwiri itatha, anasamutsa kutumikira apakavalo Regiment - pa nthawi malo zapamwamba kwambiri.

Ali St. Petersburg, Pestel kudziwa za ena anthu chinsinsi (chipulumutso cha Union) ndipo posakhalitsa itabwera mwa iyo. Paulo akuyamba moyo chosintha. Mu 1821 anali kupita a Southern anthu - mwa ichi iye anathandizidwa ndi waluso polankhula zapamwamba, nzeru zabwino ndi mphamvu ya zokopa. Chifukwa cha makhalidwe amenewa nthawi yake yokwaniritsira mgwirizano wa maganizo la Southern ndi magulu kumpoto.

Malamulo Pestel a

Mu 1923, iwo anayamba dongosolo la Southern Society, analemba ndi Pavlom Pestelem. Iwo anagwirizana anatengera ziwalo zonse za gulu - pa Decembrists m'tsogolo. Mwachidule lili ndi zinthu zotsatirazi:

1. Russia akhale Republic, limodzi ndi indivisible, wopangidwa mwa zigawo 10. BOMA idzachitike ndi Council la Anthu (malamulo) ndi kulamulira Duma (ndi wamkulu).
2. Poyankha nkhani ya serfdom Pestel akufuna kuti yomweyo kuletsa izo, nagawira dziko pawiri: wamba ndi landlords. Iwo anali ankaganiza kuti yotsiriza pangano kwa ulimi. Ochita kafukufuku amakhulupirira kuti ngati kusintha kwa 1861 pa chiyembekezo chakuti a serfdom ndi Pestel anapita kukonzekera, dziko posakhalitsa anayamba bourgeois ndi, chuma mwapang'onopang'ono njira ya chitukuko.
3. Chiyembekezo chakuti a magulu anayambitsa. Anthu onse a dziko amatchedwa kuti nzika, ali wofanana chomwecho pamaso pa lamulo. Analengeza ufulu ndi inviolability wa munthu ndi domicile.
4. Boma Tsarist m'gulu Sadadzipangire Pestel, kotero iye anapempha kuti chiwonongeko thupi la banja lonse achifumu.

Iwo anali ankaganiza kuti "Russian Choonadi" adzalowa mphamvu mwamsanga chiwembu cha. Ndi lamulo zoyamba za dziko.

Kumpoto Society wa Decembrists

Kumpoto Society amabwera mu kukhalapo mu 1821, m'chaka. Poyamba mbali inkakhala magulu awiri ogwirizana ina. Tikumbukenso kuti gulu loyamba anali kwakukulu kwambiri, otenga nawo malingaliro a Pestel ndi kwathunthu analandira wake "Russian Choonadi".

Anthu a kumpoto Society anali Nikita Muravev (mutu), Kondraty Ryleev (wachiwiri), Prince Obolensky ndi Trubetskoy. Osati ntchito osachepera anthu masewero Ivan Puschin.

Kumpoto Society anachita makamaka St. Petersburg, koma iye anali nthambi mu Moscow.

Njira kugwirizanitsa kumpoto ndi kum'mwera m'madera wakhala wautali ndiponso yopweteka kwambiri. Iwo anali kusagwirizana lofunika pa nkhani zina. Komabe, pa Congress mu 1824, anaganiza kuti tiyambe ndondomeko ya yogwirizanitsa mu 1826. Kugalukira mu December 1825 anawononga malingaliro amenewo.

Nikita Mihaylovich Muravev

Nikita Mihaylovich Muravev - amachokera banja zabwino. Anabadwa mu 1795 ku St. Petersburg. Ine ndiri ndi maphunziro aakulu mu Moscow. Nkhondo ya 1812 anamupeza Mulingo wa collegiate kaundula wa Utumiki wa Justice. nkhondoyo, akuthawa kunyumba, kupanga pantchito yabwino pa nkhondo.

Tikachoka lachiwiri World nkhondo amayamba ntchito monga gawo la Poro: Mgwirizano wa Chipulumutso ndipo Union of moyo. Komanso, iye analemba hayala cha mtsogolo. Amakhulupirira kuti ayenera anakhazikitsa Republican boma, likhoza kuthandiza m'chiwembucho asilikali. Pa ulendo kum'mwera likumanenso P. Pestel. Komabe bungwe akuphatikizapo - anthu Northern, koma kulankhulana ndi maganizo amodzi si kugwetsera, koma m'malo mwake, ndi mwachangu cooperating.

Baibulo loyambirira la buku la Constituion analemba 1821, koma iye sanapeze ayankhe mamembala ena a anthu. Patapita kanthawi, iye kupendanso maganizo ake ndipo anamasulidwa pulogalamu yatsopano anapereka kumpoto Society.

Muraveva constitution

Constitution Murav'ev m'gulu zinthu zotsatirazi:

1. Russia akhale ufumu lalikhulu ladziko: aphungu - Wamkulukulu Duma, wopangidwa mwa zipinda ziwiri; wamkulu - Mfumu (osakaniza - mkulu wapamwamba). Payokha, izo zinati iye analibe ufulu kuyamba ndi kuthetsa nkhondo paokha. Pambuyo munthu pazipita kuwerenga zitatu za mfumu anali kusaina malamulo. Veto iye anali wopanda ufulu, ndikanakhoza kokha sachedwa kusaina mu nthawi.
2. Pamene chiyembekezo chakuti ufulu dziko serfdom wa nzika kusiya eni alimi - malo awo, kuphatikiza kuwonjezera maekala 2 m'nyumba iliyonse.
3. Yoyenera kuvota - yekha kwa eni dziko. Akazi, wongosamukasamuka ndipo sanali eniake ndi inaimitsidwa.
4. Kupasula kukhazikitsa kwa makalasi, mlingo onse ndi dzina loyamba: nzika. Kachitidwe milandu chimodzi onse.

Nyerere kudziwa kuti buku la malamulo amakumana kukaniza oopsa, choncho watipatsa kumayambiriro kwa ntchito ya manja.

Kukonzekera kugalukira ndi

Poro, monga tafotokozazi inatenga zaka 10 kugalukira anayamba. Izo ziyenera kuti chigamulo cha kupanduka anatuluka ndithu zokha.

Ali Taganrog, afa Alexander I. Popeza olandira a mfumu yotsatira amayenera kukhala Constantine, mbale wa Alexander. Vuto linali lakuti iye anali kamodzi mobisa antchito. Choncho, gulu ankadutsa m'bale wamng'ono, Nicholas. Anthu osokonezeka, osadziwa za renunciation. Koma Nicholas wasankha December 14, 1925 kutenga lumbiro.

Imfa ya Alexander anayamba kufika kuyambira kwa opandukawo. Kudziwa kuti ndi nthawi kuchita, ngakhale kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa a Southern ndi magulu kumpoto. Iwo anali odziwa bwino kuti nthawi kukonzekera bwino chiwembu iwo ndi zocheperatu, koma ankaona kuti musaphonye mfundo imeneyi - chigawenga. Iwo analemba Ivan Puschin mnzake Aleksandru Pushkinu lyceum.

Popeza anakumana usiku pamaso December 14, opandukawo kukonzekera utheke. Iwo inali mfundo zotsatirazi:

1. Anamuika mkulu wa Prince Trubetskoy.
2. Tengani Zima Palace ndi Petro ndi Paulo Linga. Udindo ino Yakubovich ndi Bulatov.
3. Nicholas anali kupha mkulu P. Kakhovsky. Zimenezi akhale otsogolera kanthu opanduka.
4. Kuchititsa propaganda ntchito mwa asilikali ndi kumawakakamiza iwo kumbali ya opandukawo.
5. Kukakamiza Senate kulumbirira kuti adzakhala okhulupirika kwa mfumu akuyang'anira Kondrati Ryleeva ndi Ivan Pushin.

Mwatsoka, onse ndinaganiza Decembrists m'tsogolo. History limanena kuti oukira wa chilengedwe chawo anapangidwa chidzudzulo kwa yayandikirayo. Nicholas mutiny kuti potsiriza kukhulupirira n'kuika Senate lumbiro la ofesi m'mawa pa 14 December.

Kupanduka: izo unachitikira

Kugalukira sanapite malinga script, amene anafuna opanduka. Senate nthawi kulumbirira kuti adzakhala okhulupirika kwa mfumu pamaso mukubwadamuka lapansi.

Komabe, maalumali wa asilikali anafola mwa dongosolo la nkhondo mu Senate Square, aliyense akuyembekezera kanthu pa gawo la kasamalidwe.
Ivan Puschin ndi Kondraty Ryleev abwerere ndi kunena mu kufika chayandikira cha lamulo, Prince Trubetskoy. Otsiriza, ndi kusintha opandukawo holed mu mfumu General Wogwila. Iye analephera kuzindikira kuti zinthu zoopsa zimene anafunikira kuchita.

Pomaliza chiwembu anali kuletsedwa.

The kumangidwa ndi bwalo

Mu St. Petersburg, anayamba kupereka kumangidwa woyamba ndi chilango cha Decembrists. Choona chidwi ndi mlandu wa akaidi zinakhalira osati Senate, monga momwe anali kuyembekezera, ndipo Khoti Lalikulu makamaka ogranizovanny Nicholas Ine pa mwambowu. Woyamba penipeni, kupanduka, December 13, anamangidwa Pavel Pestel. Mfundo kuti atatsala pang'ono kupanduka, adatenga membala wa Southern Society A. Mayboroda, amene anam'pereka. Pestel mu Tulchin anagwidwa ndi ku St. Petersburg Petro ndi Paulo Linga.

Mayboroda analemba chidzudzulo ndi N. Muraviev, amene anamangidwa pa chuma chake.

Mu kufufuza anthu 579. 120 iwo zinatumizidwa ntchito molimbika Siberia (pakati pawo, Nikita Muravev), onse ignominiously demoted pamalo. opandukawo asanu anaweruzidwira ku imfa.

aphedwe

Polankhula ku khoti pa njira zotheka a chilango cha Decembrists, Nicholas anati kuti magazi sayenera anakhetsa. Choncho iwo, ngwazi za nkhondo yachiwiri ya padziko lonse, ali anagamulidwa kuti zokoloweka wathuwu.

Amene anaphedwa Decembrists? Mayina awo ndi awa: Pavel Pestel, Peter Kakhovsky, Kondraty Ryleev, SERGEY Muravev-Apostol, Mikhail Bestuzhev-Ryumin. Chigamulochi anali kuwerenga pa July 12 ndipo anapachikidwa iwo July 25, 1926. Chilango cha Decembrists okonzeka nthawi anamanga zokoloweka ndi njira yapadera. Komabe, opanda ziyangoyango: amuna atatu anagwapo kumadalira awo, iwo ankayenera kuti Anapachikidwa kachiwiri.

Place mu Petro ndi Paulo linga, kumene Decembrists anaphedwa - izo crownwork. Pali chipilala woimira obelisk ndi lubwe zikuchokera. Umasonyeza kulimbamtima amene anamenyera akutsatira anaphedwa Decembrists. maina awo analembedwa pa chipilala cha.