Magellan adatseguka bwanji? Kutsegula Magellan. ulendo Magellan a

Kumbukirani momwe Neil Armstrong analankhula wotchuka mawu, akuitana mapazi ake oyamba padziko mwezi, chimphona adzatumpha anthu? Koma kale anamanganso amenewo apaulendo wamkulu wa Ages Middle. Mwachitsanzo, zinthu Magellan anayamba kusintha koona mwa njira anthu a dziko lake, ndipo iwo anayamba kukayikira inviolability wa mbalume wa Mpingo wa Katolika. Choncho amene anali munthu amene anasonyeza kuti dziko lapansi n'lozungulira, lotseguka, kumene Khwalala of Magellan pa mapu? Kodi zotsatira anali kutsegula ake chitukuko cha sayansi? Kuti tipeze mayankho a mafunso amenewa, m'pofunika kuti bwino mabuku a mbiri yakale, ambiri amene amadziwika Antonio Pigafetta - Italy wofufuza amene anakhala nawo pa ulendo woyamba dziko.

Ferdinand Magellan: yonena

Mwatsoka, palibe amene anganene motsimikiza lero, malo apaulendo wotchuka, ndi European woyamba obognuvshy ndi South America. Komabe, akatswiri ambiri amakhulupirira kuti mwambo umenewu zinachitika October 17, 1480 mu Porto, kapena Sabroza. Pa nthawi yomweyo, malinga ndi mbiri yakale, mu unyamata Fernand anatumikira monga tsamba pa Mfumukazi Eleanor wa Viseu, kotero amaganiza kuti iye anali ndi chiyambi mfulu.

Pamene Magellan anali ndi zaka 25, anapita ku India mu squadron ndi, Francisco Almeida. Anatumikira zaka 5, Ferdinand ayesera kubwerera kunyumba, koma mwangozi wokakamizidwa kuti tikhalebe India, kufunafuna chisomo cha akuluakulu atsamunda, ndi kupeza kutchuka kwambiri mu malo a asilikali. Mu njira iyi, tsogolo likukhalira kuti munthu wapaulendo lalikulu Lisbon yekha mu 1512. Ndipo kumatanthauza nkhondo ndi Morocco, imene zochita zake autocratic angering Mfumu Manuel Choyamba. Pa omvetsera, Magellan akufunsa chilolezo kwa mfumu kuti apite ku maulendowa panyanja, koma anakana. Pa nthawi yomweyo, Manuel woyamba zimamuthandiza kuzindikira kuti iye simusamala ngati adzatumikira overlord wina. N'zochititsa chidwi kudziwa ndiye mfumu ya Portugal, kuti atulukira tsogolo la Magellan lemekezani Spain, am'patsa malangizo amenewa?

Kodi unachitika woyamba ulendo dziko

Amakwiya Magellan panyumba ndipo amapita ku Spain kugula nyumba ku Seville, akakwatira, ali mwana. Nyamula kugwirizana zothandiza, Magellan amakhala ndalama mabungwe m'madzi Maulendo - "Nyumba ya wabizinesiyo", koma pali anakana kuonetsetsa ndalama kukhazikitsa ntchito kuti apeze njira kumadzulo kwa Islands nsinjiro. Pa nthawi yomweyo, chidwi limasonyeza Juan de Aranda, zomwe zimafunika 1/8 nusu la phindu tingathere, ndi Mfumu Charles Ine la Spain amapereka chilolezo chovala zombo asanu. Tsopano inu mukudziwa chimene iye anali ku ulendo wake wotchuka wa Magellan. Ata-, adzakhululukidwa anafotokoza hereinafter.

Ulendo wozungulira wa Magellan: kuyembekezera zachuma phindu

Ngakhale atulukira America ndi Columbus anapanga Spain ndi mayiko amphamvu, koma cholinga chachikulu cha ulendo uno, ndicho kukwaniritsa chakumadzulo kwa gombe la India ndi, sizinapezekebe zimatheka. Koma analonjeza ubwino waukulu chuma! Makamaka, choncho kuti ayesedwe kuti wotchuka Islands zonunkhira, adachoka Portugal Pangano la Tordesillas, ali mu "Spanish" nyanja kum'mwera. Kuchita zimenezi zinatanthauza kuti ankayembekezera kutsegula Magellan akanakhoza kwambiri kukuza malo a Charles Choyamba, ndi kutha kwa okhawo a malonda Chipwitikizi mu zonunkhira, amene ndiye ofunika pa yambiri.

Ulendo wa ku Brazil ndi Patagonia

The amunamuna epic nyanja Magellan anayamba September 20, 1519, pamene zombo 5, chakudya kwa zaka 2 pasadakhale mwa San Lucar. Okwana maulendowa anatenga gawo kwa anthu 280, 100 amene anali okonzeka asilikali. Komanso zombo okonzeka ndi mifuti 10 arquebus 50. Sitima yaikulu - "Trinidad" - pa caravel ndi "Santiago" olimbikitsa Magellan ndi wina Chipwitikizi, João Serrania. Otsala zombo atatu anachoka mu msonkhano, kutsogozedwa ndi Spanish mkulu wobadwa njonda, adapangana kuti angakonze kupanduka, ngati zikuoneka kuti Commander Fernand osokera.

Popeza kuthana ndi vuto lalikulu la nyanja ya Atlantic, ulendo 29 November Magellan chinakwana kugombe la Brazil ndipo anayamba kufufuza kugombe la Rio de La Plata, poganiza kuti ndi chopapatiza, imene mukhoza kupeza "Nyanja South". Wotsimikizira za fallacy wa kopanda ichi, squadron anapita zina kum'mwera, kugombe la Africa South America kukumana pamodzi ndi momwe anyani, ankaganiza kuti iwo anali mbadwa. Kuyendayenda chinakhalapo mpaka kumapeto kwa March 1420, pamene Magellan waganiza adzaima yozizira, ndi chepetsa chakudya adalira. M'nyengo yozizira ku Spain anakumana ndi m'deralo amene anayenda chilonda pa mwendo udzu. Ndipo ife anawaitana Patagonians (bolshenogimi), ndipo kwawo Patagonia.

Khwalala of Magellan

October 21, 1520 ulendo zombo ali pa chipata chopapatiza. zombo kufufuza zilipo, "San Antonio" ndi "Concepción" imene mozizwitsa kupewa imfa pa gust mwadzidzidzi mkuntho. Komabe, monga iwo amati, bwenzi dalitso mu yodzibisa. Pa nthawi imene mafunde anagwira ngalawa ku gombe, iwo analowa Ndime yopapatiza, imene maphunziro taonetsa kuti ndi madzi amchere, ndi zambiri si afike kumtunda. zombo zonse ziwiri anabwerera ndi kukanena Magellan uthenga wabwino kuti njira nyanja kuti "Nyanja South" likupezeka, ndipo patapita zaka zambiri zinaperekedwa ngati Khwalala of Magellan pa mapu a dziko lapansi. Mwatsoka, atulukira mphindi iliyonse mu mbiri, palibe patapita zaka sindikanakhoza kubweretsa phindu kwa anthu ku mfundo chuma view, popeza njira iyi ndi yaitali kwambiri ndi owopsa kwa kutumiza. Komabe, anapatsa mphamvu zikuluzikulu za chitukuko cha sayansi monga mapu komanso madera.

Chilumba cha Tierra del Fuego, chinatseguka Magellan

Anapeza kum'mwera kwa Khwalala wa maulendowa woona malo usiku magetsi zidawala. Magellan ankaganiza zinali kumpoto kwenikweni kwa yadothi Australis Incognita - ndi South m'dzikoli - ndi dzina Tierra del Fuego. Mwamwayi, anali zilumba za zilumba 40 000 ndi tizilumba tina. Motero, mafunso: "? Kodi Ferdinand Magellan", "Kodi ndi lotseguka" Kungakhale poyankha kunena kuti ndi moto dziko. Today aliyense akudziwa izo yochokera kumtunda ndi Khwalala of Magellan alekanitsa zilumba, ndi dziko lalikulu kwambiri m'zilumba zake - Isla Grande - mzinda kum'mwera m'dziko - Ushuaia.

Kutsegula kwa Marianas

Kuthetsa Khwalala kwa masiku 38, zombo ulendo tidapita ku nyanja n'kupita 17 000 Km pamaso pa chilumba chipululu choyamba, amene adakomana ndi ulendo wawo. amalinyero anadabwa, chifukwa patsogolo kuti anali ankaganiza kuti America si kutali gombe la Asia. Ndiye Magellan anazindikira kuti kuwululidwa kwa dziko ubwenzi woona pakati pa dziko ndi madzi nyanja napatsa anthu chithunzithunzi cha kukula kwa Dziko Lapansi. Anamenya pansi sikunali kotheka, ndipo anapitiriza ulendo wawo mpaka anafika ku chilumba cha Guam, limene ndi gulu la Islands Mariana. Kunapezeka kuti anthu am'deralo ndinalibe lingaliro la chuma payekha, ndipo Chotero, anayesa kuchotsapo zombo zinthu aliyense amene amagwa pansi pa mkono wawo. N'chifukwa chake Spain chimatchedwa kuti chilumba Landrones, omwe anamasuliridwa ngati mbala. apaulendo kumeneko ndi chakudya chochuluka ndi madzi, ndipo anapita pa njira zawo.

Kutsegula Islands Philippines

Popeza kuti zinali zoonekeratu kuti ulendo kale mu kum'mawa kwa dziko lapansi, Magellan, chifukwa cha kuopa kukumana ndi Chipwitikizi anayesa kuti ndikakhale kutali ndi madzi, umene umadutsa ndi madzi apanyanja. Posachedwa zombo wake anafika zilumba osadziwika. Anaganiza mayina zilumba kulankhulana. Lazaro, ndipo pambuyo pake anadzatchedwa Islands Philippines. Tikufika anasankhidwa Homonhom, pamene inu muyankhe funso ili: "Kodi inu mumawatcha chilumba loyamba kukamba Magellan ku Asia," ayenera anasonyeza pa iye.

Imfa ya apaulendo ndi

Today, aliyense amadziwa mmene dziko anatsegula Magellan. Komabe, pang'ono akudziwa tsatanetsatane wa imfa yake.

Choncho, ndinakumana ndi imfa ya munthu, munthu woyamba amene anali kupita mozungulira Africa South America? Zonse zinayamba ndi chakuti mtsogoleri Chilumba cha Mactan anakana kumvera wolamulira wa dziko loyandikana chilumba cha Cebu Humabonu amene analumbira kuti adzakhala okhulupirika kwa Spanish korona, ndipo ngakhale anabatizidwa, pamodzi ndi banja lake komanso olemekezeka kuyandikira. Magellan anaganiza kusonyeza am'deralo kuti azungu kukhala ndi kuteteza awo aang'ono, ndipo anapita chotheka pofuna kusangalatsa osaweruzika maktantsev. Komabe, iye sanali kupeza mbadwa nayo nthawi kuti aphunzire njira ya nkhondo ku Ulaya osati ankawaona okhala kumwamba. Komanso, ulendo wa asilikali Magellan anali kudwala lokonzedwa ndi Spain sankaona kuti zombo zawo sadzatha kufika zokwanira pagombe. Nthawi yomweyo pambuyo chiyambi cha asilikali omenyana Magellan wavutika zomvetsa lolemera ngati ankhondo mbadwa analinga nako mikondo ing'onoing'ono mosadziteteza zida mwendo wa asilikali Spanish, ndipo pamene iwo anayesa kuti akafike zombo zawo anayamba kumaliza Mivi yawo. Tsoka chomwecho anachitika mkulu Ferdinand, amene, kuti kuphimba comrades awo kuthawa, mbasiya kuti nkhondo madzi ndi ochepa ankhondo okhulupirika, koma anavulala pa munthu woyamba, kenako anavutika spearheads. Choncho anawonongeka limodzi la apaulendo kwambiri pa mbiri. Komabe, iye nthawi zonse analemba dzina lake m'mbiri ya mbiri ya dziko lapansi, ndipo lero aliyense wa sukulu amadziwa wotsegulira Khwalala of Magellan.

Tsoka winanso wa oyendetsa ulendo

Imfa ya Magellan ndi anzake eyiti kuchichepetsa kutchuka a ku Spain mu maso a mbadwa ya. Choncho Humabonu aganiza kuti amuchotsepo alendo, ndi kulinganiza chakudya chipani imene udzaphwanya ndi mbali zofunika kwambiri za asilikali. Kukhalabe komanso ndi kuthamanga. Potsiriza, kuwafika Islands zonunkhira, mamembala kupulumuka kwa Magellan ulendo kugula katundu ndi kupita mmbuyo, akamva kuti mfumu Chipwitikizi anatchedwa deserter ndi Magellan analamula kumanga ziwiya zake. Pa nthawi imeneyo wolimba ndi zombo ziwiri zokha, atsogoleri amene asankha kupita kunyumba m'njira zosiyanasiyana. Popeza ngalawa "Trinidad" umachitika ukapolo ndi Chipwitikizi, ndipo mamembala a adalira wake kutha miyoyo yawo pa ndende ku India. Ndithu mosiyana anapeka tsogolo la anthu amene anapita ku Spain kuti "Victoria", molamulidwa ndi Juan Elkanto kudzera ku Cape of Good Hope. Iwo ndalama khama lingamutsatire anakwanitsa kufika ku Seville. Choncho, musanayambe kuyankha mafunso: "Ndani Magellan", "Kodi anatsegula", ndi woganiza. Ndipotu umatchedwa apaulendo choyamba, amene anayenda panyanja padziko lonse, si zoona ndithu. Komanso konse anakhazikitsa ndi cholinga chimenechi, pamene cholinga chake chinali kupeza njira kumadzulo, zomwe zinali zotheka zoitanitsa zonunkhira ndi kulandira kwa ndalama izi ku Spain.

Ferdinand Magellan: Ndinatsegula

Chotero moyo waufupi, yochepa monga zaka 40, koma zotsatira zimene wanzeru! Ndi maganizo awa mukasiya kuwerenga nkhani ya ulendo umene wapanga Magellan. Ndinatsegula? Wotchuka Khwalala, dzina lake, Tierra del Fuego, Mariana ndi Islands Philippines. Ndipo ambiri Chofunika - Magellan anasonyeza kuti ku Europe ndi Asia, ndipo mukhoza kupeza osati skirting Africa, komanso kusuntha kulowera kumadzulo.