The July utasintha ndi French kuukira boma la 1830: kufotokoza, mbiri ndi zotsatira

Kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma XVIII panali kusintha kwakukulu mu France. M'zaka zotsatira anali ayi mtendere. Kodi kudza kwa ulamuliro wa Napoleon ndi kugonjetsa kwake, imene inatha chifukwa cha kugonjetsedwa pambuyo "masiku mazana" Anatsogolera chakuti mphamvu wopambana ziletso pa dziko kubwezeretsa Bourbons lapansi. Koma mu ulamuliro wa Louis XVIII chilakolako si inaleka. Tikaonanso chikoka olemekezeka wofunitsitsa kubwezera, anagwira kupondereza ndi Republican, ndipo kokha ankakolezera zionetsero. Mfumuyo inali kudwala kwambiri ngakhale mokwanira kuthana ndi mavuto ambiri ofunika, iye anali kuyenda dziko lake patsogolo kapena chuma kapena ndale. Koma anafa matenda mu 1824, iye anali womaliza French mfumu, amene anali unagonjetsedwa ndi kusintha kapena kulanda boma. Chifukwa, pambuyo pa imfa yake zinachitika July utasintha (1830), zomwe olemba mbiri timawutcha "masiku atatu ulemerero"?

Prerequisites July utasintha cha 1830: udindo wa bourgeoisie ndi

ndi zimayambitsa wa July Kodi utasintha mu France? Ndi 1830s, ndi bizinesi ku Ulaya analimbitsa ake. Mu England, iye anamaliza mafakitale ku France ndipo mofulumira osauka kupanga fakitale (chikutanthauza dziko patsogolo Belgium ndi Prussia).

Izi zapangitsa kulimbitsa ndi mphamvu ya bourgeoisie mafakitale, omwe tsopano chinang'ambika mphamvu, pamene boma kumbuyo zofuna za nzika yekha lolemera ndipo atsogoleri mkulu. Izi ali ndi zoyipa pa vuto la zachuma ya boma. Zionetsero maganizo chifukwa cholephera khalidwe zotenga anthu ochokera malo apamwamba, amene anamuopseza kubwezeretsa itanitsiranitu-chosintha.

Komanso, bourgeoisie, ndi chilengedwe panali Republicans ambiri omwe anathandiza zisinthe, anadandaula ndi udindo kukula kwa Ajezwiti kunyumba yachifumu, maofesi utsogoleri, komanso m'sukulu.

Lamulo pa Malipilo a kumayiko kale

Mu 1825, dziko anatengera lamulo umene ochokera kumayiko apamwamba kale analandira malipiro kuchuluka kwa franc za biliyoni kumawononga, ndiye dziko analandidwa. Lamulo limeneli amayenera kachiwiri kulimbikitsa udindo wa apamwamba mu dziko. Koma anakwiyitsa osiyana chabe - wamba ndi bourgeoisie. inawo sanakhutire ndi chakuti malipiro ndalama kwa otchuka ndi zoona, anapanga likuvutika rentier, chifukwa anali amaganiza kuti ndalama kutembenuka kwa adzapereka rents boma 5 mpaka 3%, ndipo izi likukhudza ndalama bourgeoisie lapansi.

Anatengera nthawi "malamulo mwano" yemweyo, amene chifukwa cha zolakwa ndi chipembedzo ndi amphamvu kwambiri zilango Atengedwa, komanso ankakolezera kusakhutira m'kalasimo, chifukwa anaona kubwerera ku masiku akale.

Mavuto mafakitale monga chofunika kwa July utasintha

Zimayambitsa wa July utasintha cha 1830 komanso kugona chakuti mu 1826 panali mavuto m'mafakitale dziko. Zinali zovuta tingachipeze powerenga za overproduction, koma choyamba ozungulira mavuto amene anakumana France akutsatiridwa ndi England. Iye anali m'malo ndi gawo yaitali maganizo. mavutowo chinachitikira ndi zaka zingapo kulephera kwa mbewu kuti anakula udindo wa bourgeoisie, ndi ogwira ntchito ndi anthu wamba. M'mizinda, ambiri akukumana ndi kulephera kupeza ntchito m'midzi - njala.

The bourgeoisie mafakitale zikumangidwa mlandu chifukwa zinachitika pa ulamuliro, zodzudzula boma la kuti chifukwa ntchito yapamwamba miyambo mbewu, mafuta ndi zipangizo mtengo mtengo wa mankhwala French ikukula, ndi mpikisano awo pa misika dziko kugwa.

The okwatiranawo woyamba ndi kusintha boma

Mu 1827, panali, titero, ndi rehearsal wa zisinthe. Ndiye, mogwirizana ndi chisankho ku Komiti ya akuluakulu mu Paris, panali ayi zitsanzo mtendere pa okuzungulilani olemera anali anamangidwira okwatiranawo ndipo anagwirizana opandukawo mu kukumana wamagazi ndi apolisi.

Mofanana chisankho 1827 mavoti ambiri yagoletsa olekerera, amene ankafuna kukula kwa lamulo masankho, mlandu boma nyumba yamalamulo ufulu m'dera wodzilamulira ndi zambiri. Chifukwa, Korol Karl X anakakamizika kusiya boma ultraroyalistskoe. Koma boma latsopano lotsogoleredwa ndi Chiwerengero Martignac, amene anavutika anafuna wololera pakati pa bourgeoisie ndi anthu otchuka, mfumu sanali. Ndipo kamodzinso abalalitse boma, anapanga nduna latsopano kopitilira muyeso ndi kuikidwa pa mutu wa ankakonda wake, Kalonga wa Polignac, munthu odzipereka kwa iye.

Nthawiyi, mavuto dziko kuchuluka, ndipo kusintha kwa boma kuti achititsa.

Zoyikika za July 26, ndi chiyembekezo chakuti ya hayala 1814

Mfumu ankakhulupirira kuti ndi maganizo kumusonyeza tingagonjetse mwa kumanga mode. Ndi twente chimodzi mu July 1830 mu nyuzipepala "kuwunika" zinatuluka malangizo omwe tingati anathetsa malo a Constitutional hayala cha 1814. Ndipo izo zinali zikhalidwe boma, anagonjetsa Napoleon nakhalanso ndi mafumu ku France. Nzika kuvomereza maweruzo awa monga kuyesa kulanda boma. Makamaka kuyambira zochita izi, kuwamana France ufulu boma, chimodzimodzi monga iwo anali.

Choyamba lamulo anathetsa ufulu wa atolankhani kusungunuka ndi Komiti Wachiwiri yamalamulo, ndi wachitatu, ndipotu linali lamulo latsopano masankho, malinga ndi zimene kuchepa kwa chiwerengero cha akuluakulu ndi chepetse chiwerengero cha anthu omwe adzaponye chisanko ku Komiti chomwecho kuletsedwa kukonzanso kwa malamulo atsopano. The lamulo lachinayi amaikidwa mu gawo lotsegula la Chambers.

Chiyambi cha zipolowe: zinthu ku likulu

Mfumu chinali chikhulupiriro mu mphamvu ya boma. No mulinso zotheka zipolowe pakati misa sayembezereka, kuyambira Pilato wa apolisi Mangin ananena kuti Paris ndi kusuntha. Duke wa Polignac anakhulupirira izo, chifukwa ine ndimaganiza kuti anthu ambiri sasamala za dongosolo visola. Mokhudzana ndi makalasi m'munsi icho chinali, koma phindi la malangizo bourgeoisie anakhudza mokhudzika.

Komabe, boma ankaona kuti bourgeoisie sanayese n'komwe nkhondo. Choncho, likulu panali asilikali 14 okha zikwi, ndi kulanda njira Paris mphamvu zina Atengedwa. Mfumuyo inapita kusaka mu Rambouillet, kumene tinakonza kuti apite ku nyumba yake pa Saint-Mtambo.

Zotsatira maweruzo ndi chionetsero mu m'chiholo chotchedwa Palais Royal

Zoyikika afika anthu ena nthawi imodzi. Koma anachita nawo anali amphamvu. Pa katundu kuwombola anagwa kwambiri kubwereka. Nthawiyi, atolankhani, amene zosonkhanitsira wadutsa mu nyuzipepala "constitutionalists", inaganiza zofalitsa kuukira ndi malangizo, ndipo analemba mu mawu mwachilungamo lakuthwa.

Pa tsiku lomwelo, panali misonkhano angapo akuluakulu. Komabe, iwo analephera kubwera kwa ena zochita wamba ndi kulumikiza zionetsero kokha pamene izo zinkawoneka kuti wopanduka angathe kukwaniritsa zolinga zawo. N'zochititsa chidwi woweruza anathandiza opandukawo. Pa pempho la "Tan" nyuzipepala "Courrier Français," ndi ena, malonda Court ndi bwalo lamilandu la Choyamba Mwachitsanzo analamula nyumba osindikizira ndi kusindikiza manambala zotsatizana ndi malemba za matchalitchi, chifukwa malangizo mosiyana ndi hayala ndipo sadathe kumanga pa nzika.

Madzulo twente-chimodzi wa July mu chotchedwa Palais Royal anayamba zitsanzo. The zionetsero anayamba kuimba mawu "Pansi ndi atumiki!" The Duke wa Polignac, amene anakwera ophimba wake pamodzi boulevards ndi mozizwitsa anathawa kuchokera ku gulu.

Zochitika za July 27: barricade

The July utasintha mu France mu 1830 anayamba pa 27 July. Pa tsiku ili, typography kutsekedwa. ogwira ntchito awo anatenga misewu, nakoka antchito ena ndiponso amisiri. The m'tauni ankakambirana malangizo ndi lofalitsidwa ndi atolankhani zionetsero. Pa nthawi yomweyo ku Paris anamva kuti lamulo la asilikali ku likulu adzatero Marmont, amene anali osatchuka pakati pa anthu. Komabe, Marmont sanavomereze maweruzo ndi adaletsa alonda ndipo anawalamula kuyamba kuwombera bola opandukawo musayambe ndi gunfight, ndi mfuti nkhondo ankadziwa akatemera osachepera makumi asanu.

Pa tsiku ili mu misewu ya Paris mpaka okwatiranawo. Ndi madzulo anali kumenyana, ndi instigators amene makamaka anali ophunzira. Okwatiranawo ku Saint-Honoré msewu unatengedwa asilikali. Koma zipolowe mumzinda, ndipo Polignac ananena kuti Paris anali wazingidwa. Mfumu anakhalabe pa Saint-Mtambo, popanda chichokereni ku ndandanda molowera mosamala kubisa zizindikiro nkhawa.

Zochitika za July 28: kupanduka ukupitiriza

Kugalukira kuti wokhawokha Paris, anapezeka osati ndi ophunzira ndi atolankhani, komanso bourgeoisie zazing'ono, kuphatikizapo amalonda. Kumbali ya zigawenga ndi asilikali ndi alonda - yotsirizira anatsogolera nkhondo. Koma chachikulu ndalama bourgeoisie anatenga Dikirani.

Koma twente-chitatu tsiku la July, zinadziwika kuti kupanduka ambiri. Iyo inali nthawi kusankha amene kuti agwirizane.

Zochitika za July 29: ndi Tuileries ndi Louvre

Tsiku lotsatira opandukawo nkhondo analanda Tuileries. Pamwamba pake panali galu anakweza pa French kuukira boma. Asilikali anagonjetsedwa. Anawakakamiza kuti abwerere ku nyumba yachifumu ya Saint-Mtambo, koma regiments angapo m'gulu la zigawenga. Pakali pano, Paris anayamba skirmish ndi Swiss alonda, anaikira kumbuyo m'khonde la zipilala la Louvre, kukhonda usilikali kuthawa.

zochitika zimenezi zinasonyeza maguluwo kuti mphamvu kumbali ya opandukawo. chisankho Wake unapangidwa ndi osunga ndalama. Iwo anatenga utsogoleri wa kugalukira wopambana, kuphatikizapo ntchito yoyang'anira ndi kuonetsetsa mzinda woukira chakudya.

Zochitika za July 30: zochita za boma

Ali St. Mtambo pafupifupi akuyesetsa kuchititsa Charles X kufotokoza kwa iye zililidi ku Paris anapanga nduna latsopano, lotsogoledwa ndi Duke wa Mortemart anaukitsidwa, wochirikiza wa hayala mu 1814. Bourbon mafumu sanalinso kusunga.

July utasintha cha 1830, yomwe inayamba ngati kupandukira malamulo a ufulu ndi otsutsa boma Polignac anayamba mawu za chiwonongeko cha mfumu. Bwanamkubwa wa ufumu analengeza Duke Louis Filipp Orleansky, ndi kusankha anali wamng'ono - bolodi mogwirizana ndi chizindikiro cha bourgeoisie opanduka za chikhalidwe cha mphamvu kapena ukapolo.

August 1 Charles X anakakamizika kusaina lamulo. Koma antchito mokomera mdzukulu wake. Komabe, zinalibe kanthu. Patapita milungu iwiri, Charles X ndi banja lake anasamuka ku England, Lui Filipp anakhala mfumu, anachira kuti wobbly, otchedwa July mafumu, chinakhalapo mpaka 1848.

Mapeto a July utasintha cha 1830

ndi zotsatira za July utasintha chiyani? Mphamvu mu France anabwera zoona, akuluakulu mabwalo a zachuma. Iwo chinalepheretsa kukhazikitsidwa kwa mabwalo ndi kuzama kwa zisinthe, koma Analeredwa yowayenera hayala, amene yafupika katundu woyenerera adzaponye chisanko ndi kukuza ufulu wa Komiti ya akuluakulu. Iwo okha lamanja la abusa a Chikatolika. Wautali ofunika kulandira la boma, koma mapeto mphamvu zonse mabungwe oyang'anira tauni akadali analandira amakhoma misonkho lalikulu. Koma malamulo ankhanza ndi antchito, palibe amene anaganiza kusintha.

ускорила восстание в соседней Бельгии, где, впрочем, революционеры выступали за образование самостоятельного государства. July utasintha cha 1830 ku France ali inapita patsogolo kugalukira nalo la Belgium, kumene Komabe, boma kulimbikitsa mapangidwe zimachitika palokha. kubuka chosintha ku Saxony ndipo limati zina German, Poland ponyozera Russian Ufumu, ndipo zakulitsa yolimbirana kusintha aphungu mu England.