Kursk, 1943. Nkhondo ya Kursk

Anthu, kuiwala zakale awo, alibe tsogolo. Choncho anauza akale Plato. Mu zaka za m'ma otsiriza, "khumi ndi mayiko-alongo" logwirizana "Great Lazaro", anagonjetsa nthenda anthu - Fascism. nkhondo yadzaoneni zinali zodzaza ndi nambala ya kupambana kwa Red Army, imene tingati ndi makiyi. Mutu wa Nkhani imeneyi ndi ya nkhondo zoopsa a World nkhondo II - Kursk, mmodzi wa nkhondo kwambiri kuti chinali katswiri chomaliza cha grandfathers wathu ndi wamkulu-grandfathers njira kanthu. Kuyambira nthawi imeneyo, Aroma omwe ankalamulira dzikolo German anayamba akumenyetsa malire onse. The cholinga kayendedwe ka amadzibisa ku West. Kuyambira nthawi imeneyo, dziko la Germany aiwala tanthauzo "atumiza kwa East."

kufanana mbiri

Kursk atasemphana zinachitika 05.07.1943 - 23.08.1943, pa mbadwa dziko Russian, imene kamodzi unachitikira chishango chake Grand Prince Alexander Nevsky. chenjezo ake aulosi wolakika Western (amene Adadza ndi lupanga) za Kuwonongedwa kwa alimbane Russian kukumana lupanga lawo kamodzinso anali zotsatira zake. Characteristically, ndi Kursk chinachake monga nkhondo, izi Prince Alexander wa Teutonic Knights pa Nyanja Peipus 05.04.1242 chaka. Kumene, makamu incommensurable, kukula ndi nthawi ya nkhondo izi ziwiri. Koma nkhani ya nkhondo ziwiri zofanana: mphamvu yaikulu ya ku Germany anayesa kuthyola kudzera mu dongosolo pakati pa nkhondo Russian, koma adamenyedwa offensives flanks.

Koma ngati kuyesa wanzeru kunena chiyani wapadera Kursk, mwachidule ndi motere: kuposa mbiri (isanayambe ndiponso ikatha) osalimba ntchito ndi mwatsatanetsatane pa 1 kukafika kutsogolo.

Khalidwe la nkhondo

Nagonjetsa wa Red Army pambuyo Nkhondo ya Stalingrad kuchokera November 1942 mpaka March 1943 zinali zodzaza ndi kugonjetsedwa kwa dongosolo mdani wa 100 magawano, anataya ku North Caucasus, ndi Don, wa Volga. Koma polingalira zomvetsa anapalamula mbali yathu chiyambi cha masika 1943 kutsogolo okhazikika. Map of kumenyana pakati pa mzere kutsogolo ndi dziko la Germany, ku mbali ya asilikali a Hitler, anaima protrusions kuti asilikali anamupatsa dzina la Kursk lofufuma kwambiri mbali imodzi. 1943rd masika anabweretsa tizigona kutsogolo: chimodzi samabwera mphamvu, mbali zonse ndinayamba analemera kachiwiri kulanda kanthu njira.

Kukonzekera Nazi Germany

Akadzagonjetsedwa Stalingrad, Hitler analengeza yolimbikitsa zinachititsa mu Wehrmacht anakula kuposa kuchepetsa zomvetsa awo. "Mu mfuti" anali miliyoni 9.5 (miliyoni kuphatikizapo malo 2.3). 75% mwa nkhondowo-wokonzeka asilikali akuchita (anthu mamiliyoni 5.3) anali patsogolo Soviet-German.

The Mtsogoleri analakalaka kukakumana kanthu njira pankhondo. Zinthu zinasintha, malinga ndi iye, anali kuchitika chimodzimodzi mu gawo kutsogolo kumene Kursk lofufuma kwambiri mbali imodzi. STRATEGIC ntchito "Citadel" wakhala zithandize kamangidwe ka ndodo Wehrmacht. Ndondomeko kumaphatikizapo kutsatira converging kuti Kursk zikwapu (kuchokera kumpoto - ku chigawo cha Orel, kuchokera kum'mwera - ochokera m'chigawo cha Belgorod). The "mphika" Choncho nawo Voronezh ndi amadzibisa Central.

Ndi opaleshoni pa gawo ili kutsogolo 50 zokha m'magulu kuphatikizapo 16 thanki ndi Moto, okwana manambala anasankha magulu miliyoni 0,9 kwathunthu m'chinyumba ichi; 2,7 zikwi akasinja .; 2.5 zikwi ndege .; 10 chikwi. Mortars ndi mfuti.

gulu makamaka anali kusintha kwa zida: akasinja "Panther" ndi "Amabereka" kumenya mfuti "Ferdinand".

Udindo wa lamulo Soviet

Pokonza asilikali Soviet kunkhondo tikuwayamikira utsogoleri talente wachiwiri Mtsogoleri Wamkulu G. K. Zhukova. Iye, pamodzi ndi Mkulu wa General Wogwila A. M. Vasilevskim inati kwa Mtsogoleri Wamkulu amati Stalin kuti Kursk adzakhala tsogolo malo aakulu kwambiri a nkhondo, komanso pafupifupi ankaneneratu za kubwera kwa mdani mphamvu grouping.

Pa mzere kutsogolo kwa Anazi anatsutsa Voronezh (mtsogoleri - General Vatutin N. F.) ndi ku Central Front (mtsogoleri - General Rokossovsky KK) chiwerengero cha anthu miliyoni 1,34. armament awo inkakhala mortars 19 zikwi ndi mfuti .; 3.4 zikwi akasinja .; 2.5 TH. Aircrafts. (Monga mukuonera, mwayi mbali yawo). Chinsinsi kuchokela kumbuyo amadzibisa mdani kutchulidwa ili standby steppe Front (analamula I. S. Konev). Mpheroyi thanki, ndege ndi makamu munda asanu, wodzilemekeza ndi nyumba payekha.

Control ndi mgwirizano gulu ikuchitika panokha G. K. Zhukovym ndi A. M. Vasilevskim.

Mwatsatanetsatane dongosolo nkhondo

dongosolo polimbana Zhukov a ankaganiza kuti nkhondo pa Kursk zazikulu adzakhala ndi magawo awiri. Choyamba - chitetezo, wachiwiri - nagonjetsa.

Iwo anali okonzeka ndi kufalikira mu kuya (300 Km kwambiri). The utali wonse wa kunkhondo ake pafupifupi wofanana ndi mtunda "Moscow - Vladivostok". Iye 8 mizere mphamvu yodzitetezera anapereka. Cholinga cha chotero chitetezo anali kufooketsa mdani, kumuchititsa kanthu, ngati kuli kotheka kuti atsogolere ntchito kudza. Mu gawo lachiwiri la nkhondo nagonjetsa kukonzekera kugwiritsa ntchito offensives awiri. Woyamba: "Kutuzov" ntchito kuthetseratu magulu lopondereza ndi kumasulidwa kwa mzinda wa "Mphungu". Lachiwiri, "Rumyantsev" kuwononga Belgorod-Kharkov grouping Aroma omwe ankalamulira dzikolo.

Motero, ntchito zenizeni Red Army Nkhondo ya Kursk zinachitika Soviet mbali "yodzitetezera." Kuchitapo kanthu mseru ankaphunzitsa machenjerero chofunika kawiri kapena katatu kuposa chiwerengero cha asilikali.

shelling

Pa nthawi imene nagonjetsa asilikali Nazi ankadziwika pasadakhale. Madzulo a akatswiri a ku Germany anayamba ndime prodelyvat mu minefields. Soviet frontline nzeru amanga kulimbana ndi anatenga akaidi. Kuchokera "zilankhulo" anadziwika mu nthawi: 3-00 wa 07.05.1943

anayankha kuti mwamsanga ndi okwanira: The 2-20 07/05/1943, ndi kulamulira Rokossovskim K. K. (kazembe wa ku Central Front), pabvomelezo ya wachiwiri kwa Mtsogoleri Wamkulu G. K. Zhukova amakakamiza frontline zida zankhondo kunachitidwa njira zamphamvu shelling. Zinali luso mu machenjerero nkhondo. Malinga ndi adani anali zipolopolo mazana "Katyusha" 600 mfuti 460 mortars. Pakuti Nazi anali anadabwa wathunthu, iwo anataya katundu.

regrouping 4-30 yekha, iwo anali kuchita misonkhano zida zankhondo ake lokonzekera, ndipo 5-30 kuti tiponye. Nkhondo ya Kursk anayamba.

Chiyambi cha nkhondo

Ndithudi, si onse kulosera akazembe athu. Makamaka, ndi ndodo ambiri, ndi mlingo ankayembekezera yamba Nazi waukulu malangizo kum'mwera kwa mzinda Chiombankhanga (amene amateteza chapakati mkulu kutsogolo - General Vatutin N. F.). Ndipotu, Nkhondo ya Kursk pa mbali ya asilikali a German inali pa Voronezh Front, kuchokera kumpoto. Pa asilikali a General Vatutina Nikolaya Fedorovicha anasamukira battalions awiri akasinja katundu ndi atatu magulu oti muli nazo zida, Division mfuti kumenya munthu, munthu Moto magawano. Mu gawo loyamba la nkhondo loyamba hotspot m'mudzi Cherkassy (pafupifupi ataphwasula pansi), kumene kuli awiri magulu Soviet mfuti mwa masiku adaletsa magulu mdani kuukira asanu.

Machenjerero a nagonjetsa German

Karate luso ndi zabwino, izi Nkhondo Yaikulu. Kurskaya Duga kwathunthu anasonyeza nkhondo pakati pa njira ziwiri. Zimangooneka ngati nagonjetsa German? Patsogolo kutsogolo kuukira achokapo zimagalimoto: 15-20 akasinja "Amabereka" ndi mfuti kudziletsa injini "Ferdinand". Pambuyo iwo adatsata ndi makumi asanu ndi mazana akasinja sing'anga "Panther", kenako oyenda pa. Waponya m'mbuyo, regrouped ndiponso mobwerezabwereza kuukira. Kuukira anafanana mafunde, zotsatirazi wina ndi mzake.

Tsatirani malangizo a mbiri odziwika asilikali, kulamulira dziko la Soviet Union, Professor Zaharova Matveya Vasilevicha, tiyeni idealize chitetezo chathu chitsanzo cha 1943, ndizanyamuka bwinobwino.

Tiyenera kulankhula za machenjerero a German thanki nkhondo. Kurskaya Duga (m'pofunika kuzindikira) anasonyeza luso msilikali-General Hermann Hoth, iye "Myuda," ngati kunena kotero za akasinja, watchedwa anayambitsa gulu lake lankhondo 4 kunkhondo. Pa nthawi yomweyo, asilikali athu 40 ndi akasinja 237 okonzeka kwambiri ndi zida zankhondo (35.4 mayunitsi pa 1 km), molamulidwa ndi General Kirilla Semenovicha Moskalenko zinali zambiri lamanzere, ie, ntchito. Kutsutsana ambiri Gotu 6 alonda Army (mtsogoleri IM Chistyakov) anali osalimba ndi mfuti pa 1 kukafika - 24,4 ndi akasinja 135. Makamaka kwa Army 6, si amphamvu kwambiri, kusiya zotsatira za Army Gulu "South" amene timu anali kwambiri mphatso pulani Wehrmacht Erich Von Manstein. (Mwa njira, munthu uyu anali mmodzi mwa anthu ochepa amene nthawi zonse mfundo yoti njira ndi njira za Adolf Hitler, umene mu 1944, kwenikweni, iye anachotsedwa).

Thanki nkhondo ya Prokhorovka

Mu zinthu ziliri kovuta, kuthetsa yopuma, Red Army anayikidwa mu zochita nkhokwe njira: 5 alonda thanki Army (mtsogoleri Rotmistrov PA) ndi 5 alonda Army (mtsogoleri Zhadov A. S.)

Kuti n'zotheka pambali kuukira Soviet thanki asilikali m'mudzi wa Prokhorovka malo musanayambe zochitikazi ndi German General Wogwila. Choncho, magulu 'Totenkopf "ndi" Imperial "nkhonya malangizo linasinthidwa 90 ⁰ - kwa kugunda mosapsatira ndi asilikali a General Rotmistrova Pavla Alekseevicha.

Akasinja pa Kursk lofufuma kwambiri mbali imodzi: kumbali German nkhondo zinali 700 nkhondowo magalimoto, ndi wathu - 850. The chidwi ndi lowopsya chithunzi. Monga anatchulidwa ndi mboni, mkokomo kunali kuti mudatuluka mwazi wa makutu ake. Kuwombera anali kuletsa, limene kugwa nsanja. Mwa kupeza mdani kumbuyo ndi kuyesera moto pa akasinja, amene akasinja ndi inadutsa zounikira. Mathanki anali ngati prostration - akadali ndi moyo, iye amayenera kumenya. Kuti abwerere, kunali kosatheka kubisala.

Red Army mu Nkhondo ya Prokhorovka, kusonyeza ungwazi, koma ataya waukulu koposa German. Njira 18 ndi 29 Panzer Corps anawonongedwa peresenti makumi asanu ndi awiri.

Ngati ife kulankhula za imfa ya amadzibisa mu Nkhondo ya Kursk, ndi Voronezh, steppe ndi amadzibisa chapakati anataya anthu 177,8 zikwi, kuphatikizapo oposa 70 zikwi - .. Yakufa. Voronezh Front komanso anali "anadula" kuya lonse. Malinga ndi zimene anapatsidwa ndi azambiriyakale, zomvetsa German anakwana pang'ono kuposa 20% wathu.

Gawo lachiwiri la opaleshoni

Chosakanikirana ndi 35 Km ndipo anavutika awiri, a ku Germany atazindikira kuti kusunga kufalikira anagonjetsa sindingakhoze, mzinda anayamba 16.07.1943 kuchedwa asilikali. Voronezh ndi amadzibisa steppe tinasamukira kuukira Pamalo ndipo anabwezeretsa mzere kutsogolo. The General Wogwila ndi mlingo (tiyenera kupereka msonkho) mochenjera anagwira "mphindi ya choonadi" ndipo analowa mu malo nkhondo.

Mwadzidzidzi Germany "atsopano" 08/03/1943 Bryansk Front anagwidwa tingalimbanirane, mothandizidwa ndi mphamvu kuchokera flanks a steppe ndi amadzibisa Central. 08/05/1943, pambuyo kumenyana ndi katundu Bryansk Front anamasulidwa Orel ndi Belgorod steppe. Kumasulidwa kwa Kharkiv 23.08.1943 Kursk ntchito inatha. Map nkhondo zimenezi zimaphatikizapo kumbuyo gawo (05-23.07.1943 g); Orlovskuyu opareshoni ( "Kutuzov") 12.07-18.08.1943 g.; Belgorod-Kharkov opareshoni ( "Rumyantsev") ya 03-23.08.1943

Pomaliza

Pambuyo chigonjetso wa Red Army pa Wehrmacht mu Nkhondo ya Kursk kanthu njira potsiriza anadutsa ku Red Army. Choncho, nkhondo imeneyi imatchedwa kunasintha nkhondo yachiwiri ya padziko lonse.

Kumene, kuukira adani gawo loyamba la ntchito ya anali opanda nzeru (ngati chitetezo ife mwatayikidwa wa munthu zisanu, kodi iwo kukhala pa yatsoka ndi!). Pa nthawi yomweyo asilikali Soviet munda wa nkhondo wasonyeza ungwazi woona. 100 000 anthu akhala kupereka malangizo ndi mendulo, ndi 180 wa iwo anapatsidwa ndi Hero wa mkulu waudindo Union a Soviet.

Mu nthawi yathu, tsiku lomaliza maphunziro ake - August 23 - chaka akukumana okhala m'dzikolo monga Tsiku la ulemerero lankhondo la Russia.