Phale - ndichiyani? kupanga mbiya

Zadothi ndi dothi - izi ndi zovuta kwambiri (mu mawu a manufacturability) zosiyanasiyana ceramic. Kwa zaka zoposa khumi, iwo amagwiritsa ntchito yopanga tableware, alendo, zinthu mkati, mfundo wapakamwa.

Kodi izo - faience? Kodi ndi mitundu iti ya dongo ndi uko? Kodi anayamba zadothi makampani mu Russia ano? Mayankho a mafunso amenewa amapezeka m'nkhani.

Phale - ndichiyani? Mbiri phale

"Faience" - mawu chiyambi Italy. Izo n'zogwirizana ndi mzinda wa Faenza, amene kalekale malo ofunika kupanga ceramic mu Europe. Kodi izo - faience? Ndi wandiweyani ndi finely porous ceramic nkhani. Childs, ali ndi mtundu woyera ndi glaze yokutidwa (mandala kapena kusokoneza).

Faience (monga, ndithudi, ndi zadothi) Amakhala ndi zinayi zofunika achilengedwe. Izi kaolin wa, khwatsi, feldspar, mpira dongo. Zakuthupi si allocated mphamvu zokwanira, kotero zochuluka kuphimba glaze. Potengera zikuchokera secrete mitundu yambiri ya mbiya:

• aluminiyamu;
• laimu;
• fireclay;
• feldspar (zosiyanasiyana chotchuka kwambiri).

Choncho, ife tinapeza kuti mbiya izi. Izi zili nthawi yoyamba imene munaphunzira kuchita Aigupto ndi Chinese (padziko V m'ma). Kenako, mu Ages Middle, mbiya anapanga Korea, Japan ndi Iran. Ku Ulaya, "Chinsinsi" kupanga ake anabwera yekha m'zaka XVI.

Pakali pano, ndi mbiya yabwino m'mayiko dziko kubala monga Germany, France, Japan, UK, China ndi Italy.

Zadothi ndi mitundu yake

Mawu "zadothi" amachokera ku faghfur Persian. Mtundu uwu wa ceramic amene ali cholimba, mpweya ndi madzi kukana. Zadothi akamagwira kuwombera kaolin Kuwonjezera feldspar, khwatsi ndi zina zigawo zina. Mu ndondomekoyi, ulusi chifukwa ndi zoyera, zokongola ndi kulira.

Akukhulupirira kuti zadothi "inatulukiridwa" ndi Chinese mu VI atumwi. Ndipo patapita zaka chikwi cha luso kupanga chakhala chilipo kwa azungu. Kale iye anafika ku Central Asia, chifukwa cha mlili wa silika Road. Kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma XVII anayamba kutulutsa zadothi ku America, ndipo kumayambiriro kwa XVIII - mu Russia.

Pali mitundu itatu ya dongo lomwe kusiyana kwambiri makhalidwe khalidwe ndi chachikulu:

• olimba (Reference zadothi akamagwira mkulu kutentha mfuti, izo pang'ono opaque);
• fupa (mtundu uwu wa zadothi opangidwa chifukwa Kuwonjezera chisakanizo cha mafupa akufa kutenthedwa, ndi opepuka, chimaonekera ndipo cholimba kwambiri);
• zofewa (a mtundu wapadera wa zadothi kuti waima bwino porosity ndi wokongola kirimu mtundu).

The ndondomeko ya kupanga mbiya

Phale, china ndi monga, chopangidwa ndi pafupifupi dera lomwelo. Sayansi, ndi ndondomeko m'malo zovuta, womwenso pafupifupi 80 ntchito zosiyanasiyana. Ambiri, munthu amatha kusiyanitsa magawo zazikulu zisanu kupanga mankhwala whiteware:

1. Kukonzekera sitepe (wosakanizira madzi ndi kaolin wa dongo, onongani ndi umapezeka mwala, pulasitiki misa yokonza).
2. Mapangidwe mankhwala.
3. Kuyanika - kuyambirira (mu mawonekedwe) ndi komaliza.
4. Kutentha mankhwala (zambiri ntchito ziwiri nthawi yowotcha).
5. Glazing ndi mankhwala zokongoletsa (kupenta kungakhale kumvetsa kapena glaze).

zadothi The amakhala ndi mbiya?

Ambiri, zadothi si wosiyana kwambiri kuchokera mbiya ya. Ndipo munthu wosadziwa kudzakhala kovuta kudziwa wotani mbiya pamaso pake. Nazi mfundo angapo ofunika amene angatithandize kusiyanitsa zadothi kuchokera mbiya:

• monga gawo phale dongo zambiri (pafupifupi 85% ya kulemera okwana);
• pamene kuyang'ana pa zinthu getsi adzawala kudzera zadothi ndi dothi - palibe;
• Zadothi nthawi zonse kulira, ngakhale pamene kuwala pogogoda, faience komanso limatulutsa phokoso kukometsa ndi otsika;
• pa nthawi, mankhwala phale yokutidwa ndi cobweb wa ming'alu ing'onoing'ono, si mmene kwa zadothi ndi;
• mankhwala Ceramic amakhala chimalemera kwambiri kuposa mankhwala ofanana kuchokera zadothi;
• Zadothi nthawi zonse zoyera, koma mbiya akhoza kukhala zosiyanasiyana mithunzi.

makampani zadothi mu Russia zamakono

makampani zadothi ndi nthambi ya makampani kuwala ndipo imakhazikika mu ulimi wa ziwiya zadothi chabwino - tableware, mafano, ziwiya za kukhitchini, zinthu mkati ndi alendo osiyanasiyana. Mu Russia, mbiri yake inayamba mu 1744 pamene fakitale woyamba bungwe mu St. Petersburg. Mu XIX m'ma pa gawo la ufumuwo, pali kale makumi mafakitale kwa yopanga zadothi ndi dothi. M'nyengo Union, chiwerengero cha makampani ngati katatu.

Today zadothi makampani a Russia ndi kudutsa nthawi yake yabwino. Dziko lili ndi makampani 11 okha mafakitale. Iwo ambabzala:

• Kislovodsk "zadothi Phoenix."
• Andreapolsky zadothi fakitale.
• "Zadothi Sysert".
• "Kuznetsovsky zadothi".
• Gzhel zadothi fakitale.
• PC "Dulevo zadothi".
• "Bashkir zadothi".
• "Zadothi Verbilok".
• Imperial zadothi Factory.
• Rechitsky zadothi fakitale.
• PKF "Kubanfarfor".

Mtsogoleri wa kupanga dongo mu Russia ndi Imperial zadothi Factory (IPF) mu St. Petersburg. mankhwala zake bwinobwino zimagulitsidwa m'mayiko ambiri. Zamgululi IPE zafotokozedwa pa Hermitage, London ndi ku New York zakale lapansi.