Zipinda za Tsarist za Kremlin ya Moscow m'zaka za m'ma 1800. Moyo wamfumu unali chiyani: chithunzi ndi kufotokoza kwa Romanov Chambers

Mbiri ya dziko la Russia ili ndi zochitika zosiyanasiyana. Chofunika kwambiri sichinachoke m'mabuku, komanso m'mabuku a zomangamanga ndi zojambulajambula, zomwe mukuphunzira zomwe mungathe kuyenda muzomwe zikuchitika pakupanga amayi athu. Mpaka lerolino, chidwi cha anthu m'moyo ndi moyo wa mafumu ndi mafumu a mafumu a Romanov ndi osasinthika. Nthawi ya ulamuliro wawo ikuzunguliridwa ndi zokongola, kukongola kwa nyumba zachifumu zokhala ndi minda yokongola ndi akasupe okongola. Chiyambi chinayikidwa mu zaka za XVII, pamene mfumu yachinyamatayo Mikhail Romanov inasamukira ku zipinda zachifumu za Moscow Kremlin. Iwo sanali abwino kwambiri monga momwe aliri lerolino, ndipo sizinali nthawi zonse malo okhalapo anthu ovekedwa korona, koma pakali pano iwo ali chikumbutso kwa ukulu wa olamulira a Russia.

The Romanovs

Nthawi zovuta zinabweretsa Russia mavuto ambiri, popanda ulamuliro wolimba wa mfumuyi inang'ambika ndi kutsutsana. Mbiri ya Romanovs monga mafumu ikuyamba mu 1613, panthawiyi Zemsky Sobor ndiye adasankha wokhala woyenera kwambiri ku mpando wachifumu. Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov, kuyambira momwe anthu ambiri amasiku ano amaonera, anali ovomerezeka kwambiri. Anabwera kuchokera ku anyamata olemera, anali wachibale wa tsar wotsiriza wa banja la Rurikovich, yemwe sanasiye oloŵa nyumba, ndipo anali munthu yemwe sanachite nawo mpikisano wa mphamvu, mwachitsanzo, iye sanalowerere ndale. Zaka za ulamuliro wa mtsogolo zinayambanso kuganiziridwa, zomwe zinamulola kuti aziwagwiritsa ntchito mosavuta kuti akwanitse zolinga za ndale. Ndipotu, mfumu yachinyamatayo inkaopsezedwa ndi kuzunzika ndi kunyozedwa kwa Boris Godunov; ali ndi zaka 16 anali munthu wowawa komanso wofooka amene anamvera chifuniro cha amayi ake ndi abambo ake. Kuyambira chisankho, Mikhail Fedorovich wasamukira ku zipinda zachifumu, zomwe panthawi ya ulamuliro wake akumanganso pafupi kuchokera pachiyambi. Nyumba zambiri zomwe zinapangidwira Ivan III, panthawiyo zinali zitawonongeka. M'zaka za zana la 17, Moscow Kremlin inali nyumba yachifumu, yomwe inakhala malo a zandale komanso zachuma za boma.

Chipinda chachifumu

Aliyense amamvetsa ndikuimira moyo ndi moyo wa banja lachifumu m'njira zosiyanasiyana. Anthu onse a ku Russia amatsimikiza kuti munthu amene akulamulira dzikoli ayenera kukhala ndi zipinda zamfumu. Tanthauzo la mawu ndi tanthawuzo lake nthawi zonse limapita ku digiri yabwino. Izi sizongokhala malo a gulu la anthu - iyi ndi malo aakulu kwambiri, okwezeka kwambiri, okongoletsedwera bwino kumene ogwira ntchito amagwira ntchito ndikupumula. Pali chowonadi ichi: nyumba yachifumu iyenera kusonyeza ukulu wa dziko lonse, kukhala bizinesi yake yamakhadi, chifukwa ndi malo omwe nthumwi zakunja zimalandira. M'zaka za zana la XVII Moscow Kremlin ndi mudzi mkati mwa mzindawo. Kumeneko kumakhala ndi kugwira ntchito anthu mazana, pali nyumba zambiri za akuluakulu a khoti, mipingo, nyumba za amtundu, mautumiki. Anthu ochulukawa amafunika kupereka chilichonse chofunikira ndikusunga zipangizo zamakono zogwirira ntchito, choncho zipinda zachifumu ndi oyandikana ndi zokambirana, khitchini, miyala, malo osungira katundu komanso minda ndi minda. Ndipotu, kutalika kwa Kremlin kunasungidwa mosamala, osadutsa-osadutsa, ndi owapempha omwe anabwera kuchokera kudziko lonselo, moleza mtima anadikirira kutuluka kwawo kunja kwake. Ngati tipitiliza kumasulira kwenikweni, malo okhalamo, okwera (2-3 pansi), nyumba zamwala zimatchedwa ngati zipinda zamfumu. Tanthauzo la mawu m'Chisipanishi, ponena za gawo la Moscow Kremlin, silikutanthauza chipinda chimodzi, koma gawo lalikulu lomwe liri ndi ntchito yowonjezera yomwe yagawidwa m'magulu osiyanasiyana omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pofuna cholinga chake. Mwachitsanzo, Terem Palace inali ngati chipinda chogona, chipinda cha mpando wachifumu, nyumba zosiyanasiyana zolowera komanso inali ndi tchalitchi chawo komanso kachisi. Nyumba iliyonse inali ndi dzina ndi cholinga chake: Khoti Lachitatu, Nyumba ya Patriarchal , ndi zina zotero.

Terem Palace

Akatswiri a zomangamanga a ku Russia a m'zaka za m'ma XVII. (Konstantinov, Ogurtsov, Ushakov, Shaturin) anapanga ngale yapadera pa Moscow Kremlin yonse. Nyumba ya Terem inamangidwa pogwiritsa ntchito zidutswa zapangidwe zomwe zidapangidwa kale, zomwe zimalongosola momwe nyumbayo inakhalira. Pambuyo pake kalembedwe kamene kanali kugwiritsidwa ntchito m'mbiri ya chitukuko cha zomangamanga za Russia. Kukongoletsa kunja kwa nyumba yachifumu kumawoneka bwino: mathala oyera a miyala, miyala yamitundu yambiri ndi zojambula zojambula, mapulotera okongoletsera, chidwi chenicheni chimachokera ku zojambula zokongola. Chipinda chachiwiri cha Terem Palace chimasungiramo zipinda zachifumu. Zithunzi zamkati zamakono (zosabwezeretsedwa) sizingathe kuonetsa kulemera kwa zokongoletsa za zipinda. Makoma ndi mabwinja a chipinda chilichonse amakhala ndi mtundu umodzi ndi zojambula ndi zokongoletsera zokongoletsera. Mu 1636 ntchito yomanga ku Terem Palace imathera, koma kenako zipinda zina zimaphatikizidwira, zomwe sizikuwonetsa maonekedwe onse a nyumbayi. M'chaka cha kukonzanso ntchito pa theka la nyumba yachifumu, Mpingo wa Mpulumutsi (Verkhospasskiy Sobor) wapangidwa, wolekanitsidwa ndi Terem Palace ndi gulu lokongoletsedwa. Chipangidwe chakale kwambiri cha zovutazo ndi Kubadwa kwa Mpingo wa Mayi wa Mulungu (pa Senyah), kuyambira m'zaka za zana la 14. Iwo unamangidwanso kangapo, koma wapulumuka mpaka lero. Mipingo yonse - Kuukitsidwa kwa Woyankhula, Catherine ndi Mchinjipulu - ikugwirizanitsidwa bwino pamodzi ndi Terem Palace. Zithunzi zosaoneka bwino, zopangidwa ndi nsalu za silika, ndi zojambula zosiyana zimapereka nyumba zachipembedzo kukhala maonekedwe oyambirira.

Dera lachifumu Teremok

Mbali yaikulu kwambiri ya Terem Palace, yomwe malingaliro odabwitsa a Moscow amatsegulidwa, anamangidwira ana a Mikhail Fedorovich - kumeneko anayenera kuphunzira. Teremok ili pamwamba pa mpando wachifumu wa mfumu. Chipindacho ndi chachikulu, chowala, ndi mabenchi pambali pa makoma. Inkagwiritsanso ntchito pamisonkhano ya Boyar Duma, ndipo nthawi zina ankagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati bwalo lachifumu. Teremok kuzungulira pakhomoli ndizunguliridwa ndi malo otseguka oyendayenda: kuchokera kumapeto kwa nyumbayi ndi malo akuluakulu, ndipo mbali yayitali ndi ndime zochepa zomwe zili ndi mapepala ochepa okha. Kuyambira pano nyumba yonse, komanso mzinda wakale wonse, idzawoneka m'manja mwanu. Nyumba ya wosula golideyo inamangidwa mu 1637, ndiwopangidwa mwapaderadera kwa anthu omanga nyumba ku Russia. Chipindacho ndi chokongoletsedwa kwambiri, koma chimakhala chofewa komanso chotentha, mawindo akuluakulu amatha kuunika kwambiri, miyala ya mica yamitundu imapanga masewera a mitundu yosiyanasiyana. Chimanga cha denga chili chokongoletsedwa ndi galasi losanjikirika, mafelemu a mawindo amakhala ndi miyala yofiira kwambiri (monga "wamkulu" mbali ya zipinda), zomwe pawindo lirilonse liri losiyana. Mbalame, maluwa, zinyama, zipatso zosiyana siyana ndi anthu olemba nkhani zamatsenga zimakongoletsera zozizwitsa, kuwonetsera kusiyana ndi kulemera kwa dziko lozungulira. Mbendera ya kumadzulo, yotseguka kuti iwerengedwe, imakongoletsedwa ndi bolodi yomwe ili ndi zolembera zokhudza mwiniwake wa data ndi choya kwa ana a Tsar, Tsarevich Alexei Mikhailovich ndi Ivan Mikhailovich. Pakati palemba ndi pamphepete mwa mpumulo pali kujambula, komwe kumathandiza kudzutsa chidwi mwa kuphunzira ndi masewera mu chipinda chowonetsedwa. Chithunzicho, kuyambira pakuwona kwa munthu wamakono, chikuwoneka kuti ndichabechabe ndi kudzichepetsa, koma luso la olenga ake ndi lovuta kuwonetsa. Fotokozerani Teremok Wachimuna Wachimuna Nthawi Zonse, ndipo mfundo zazikuluzikulu zidzakhala: zowala, zotentha, zokondweretsa, zokongola.

Turret

Mwinamwake, pomanga nyumba zomangira nsanja zimatanthawuza kukweza kwa dziko lapansi pa dziko lapansi. Tsar anayang'ana mzindawo kuchokera kumalo ake apamwamba (ngati sanaganizire za belu nsanja ya Ivan Wamkulu), mwachitsanzo, anali pakati pa Mulungu ndi anthu, zomwe zinamuthandiza kufufuza momwe zinthuzo zikuyendera ndikupanga zisankho zachuluka. Kwa katswiri wotchedwa Tsarevich Alexei Mikhailovich Romanov, kutalika kumeneku kunkawonekera bwino kwambiri. Chifukwa chake, "nsanja "yi idalumikizidwa ku nsanja kuchokera kummawa. Pansikatikati mwa nyumbayi yazing'ono ndidenga denga la pamwamba pa Terem Palace. Ntchito yomangamanga inachitika pambuyo pake, chifukwa chake kumalo kwakum'mawa kwa nsanjayo kunalibe kokayikanso, ngakhale kuti poyamba inali yokongoletsedwa bwino ngati khomo lakumadzulo. Kuchokera pa turret, malingaliro abwino anatsegulidwa, koma, mwinamwake, akalonga ankakonda kukhala pamwamba pa bambo ndi anyamata okongola omwe ankakhala m'chipinda chawo kanthawi kochepa. Zinali zotheka kufika kumeneko m'njira ziwiri: kudzera mu Teremok, yomwe ili ndi golide, yomwe inkagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi stala yoyera yamwala ku khonde la turret, yopanga njira yochokera kumalo otsetsereka, kapena kuchokera kuzipinda zapansi. Pachifukwa ichi, mlendoyo adalowa m'chipinda chaching'ono pafupi ndi malo owonetsera masewero ndipo kuchokera kumeneko, kudutsa pa malo osatsegula, anafika ku holo, kumene amakhoza kupita ku chipinda chofunsidwa.

Chambers ya Mabishopu

Pulezidentiyo adakondwerera pakati pa 1655, banja lonse la Romanov linabwera kudzamuwona. Mkulu wazakale Nikon adafuna kuti malo ake adasungidwe m'mawu odzaza kwambiri. Zinyumba zimamangidwa mowonjezereka kwambiri, "yophweka" kalembedwe, koma izi zimapindula kwambiri ndi zokongoletsera za nyumba ndi chisokonezo cha mitundu ya Atumwi khumi ndi awiri omwe akuyang'ana kum'maŵa. Pansi lachitatu ndi zipinda zing'onozing'ono zidatha kumapeto kwa zaka za XVII. Odziponyera miyala pang'ono, kulola kuti atsegule zitseko, atavala zikopa za fishnet, zazikulu fresco zinapanga ma chipinda cha abishopu kukhala mawonekedwe apamwamba. Makamaka shaded yokongola magnificence pinki mtundu, momwe Nikon analamula kuti penti makoma a nyumba zawo. Mitundu yamakono yamakono imasiya kumverera kwa mtundu wina wonyansidwa, mwinamwake polojekitiyi siinakwaniritsidwe bwinobwino.

The Lovely Palace

Nyumba za Romanovs, chifukwa cha ulemerero wawo wonse, zinali zosatheka kukhala ndi banja lonse. Kotero, mu 1651 - pa malamulo a Russia Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich watsopano - yomanga nyumba yatsopano, yomwe cholinga chake ndi malo a bambo a mkazi wake (apongozi ake) ID Miloslavsky, akuyamba gawo la Moscow Kremlin. Tiyenera kuzindikira chinthu chodabwitsa cha nyumbayi - ndilo loyamba ku Moscow "lokhazikitsira nyumba" chifukwa linali ndi malo anayi. Kale pakati pa zaka za XVII panali kusowa kwa malo omanga. Mkati mwa chipinda choyamba chinali kudutsa mamita 30 m'litali. Pamwamba pa zipinda zokhalamo mosavuta mwiniwake anamanga tchalitchi chakutamanda kwa Namwali ndi belfries, guwa la nsembe limene linatengedwa kunja kwa nyumba yachifumu mothandizidwa ndi mabakiteriya. Anapachikidwa pamsewu wa Kremlin, kotero mipingo yonse ya tchalitchi idawonedwa. Miloslavsky ankakhala m'nyumbayi kwa zaka 16, kenako nyumba yachifumuyo inasamukira ku boma. Dzina lakuti "Zosangalatsa" analandira pambuyo pake, mu 1672, pansi pa Fyodor Alexandrovich Romanov, pamene alongo a mfumu adasamukira kwa iye. Zipinda zamakono za nyumba yachifumu (zosangalatsa) zinagwiritsidwa ntchito: mawonetsero oyambirira a masewerowa anagwiritsidwa ntchito pano, kuchokera kumene dzina linachokera. Pofuna kuti banja lachifumu likhale losavuta, Teremna ndi Poteshny Palace adagwirizanitsidwa ndi kutsekedwa.

Tumizani ku Moscow

Chigawo chimodzi chakale kwambiri cha Moscow, chomwe chimayambira pakati pa msewu woopsa ndi mtsinjewu, ndi chikumbutso cha mbiri yakale yokha. Pa tsamba ili pali malo apadera a zomangamanga a Russia - mipingo, makachisi ndi makhristu omwe amamangidwa m'zaka za XIV-XVIII. Koma Zaryadye ku Moscow, wotchuka kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi, amalandira alendo monga mafumu a Romanov, mafumu a Russia. Dzina la gawolo linachokera ku mawu akuti "mzere", ponena za mizere ya malonda yomwe inkafika ku Red Square. Mwatsoka, chikumbutsocho sichinafikire masiku athu mu mawonekedwe ake oyambirira, koma zipinda zokhazo zinangotsala. Zinthu zotsalira za nyumba ndi bwalo zikhoza kuweruzidwa kuchokera kufotokozedwa kosatha kwa moyo wa tsiku ndi tsiku wa banja la boyar. Malinga ndi nthano, yoyamba ya Russian ku nyumba ya Romanovs anabadwira m'nyumba ya Varvarka, yomwe anamangidwa ndi agogo ake. Panthawi ya ulamuliro wa Ivan The Terrible, zipindazo zinasokonezeka ndi ofuula pa malamulo a tsar, kenako adabwerera m'moto mobwerezabwereza ndikukonzekera mitundu yonse ya amonke ndi mipingo. Nyumba yosungiramo zinthu zakaleyi inakhazikitsidwa pa webusaitiyi pokhapokha pa chitsogozo cha Alexander II, pakati pa zaka za m'ma 1900. Mbiri ya Romanovs inayamba apa. Malingana ndi mawonekedwe a chipindacho, zipindazo zinali ndi maonekedwe oyenera a nyumba za nthawi imeneyo. Mbali ya pansi pa nthaka inali ndi malo osungiramo zinthu komanso zipinda zodyeramo, panalinso khitchini, kapena khitchini. Malo okhalamo anali apamwamba: laibulale, chipinda chophunzirira, ndi chipinda cha ana akuluakulu anali osungirako amuna. Theka lachikazi la nyumba linali lalikulu, ndi zipinda zowala zogwirira ntchito, ndipo ana aamuna aamuna anali kusamba ndi kusamba pamodzi ndi atsikana. Zodzikongoletsera, ziwiya, zinyumba, kusoka, zinthu zapanyumba zomwe zapulumuka kufikira lero zikudziwika ndi kuphweka ndi kukonzanso kwa zipangizo. Malo a Romanovs 'Chambers ku Zariadye akutchedwa "bwalo lakale lolamulira".

Khoti la Tsar Gatchina

Pambuyo pake nyumba zomangidwa ndi dongosolo la banja lachifumu zikudabwa ndi kukula kwake ndi kukongola kwake. Kuyambira pa XVIII-XIX atumwi okha amatchedwa osati nyumba zachifumu, koma nyumba zachifumu. Mwachitsanzo, Gatchina. Nyumba yachifumuyi inamangidwa motsogoleredwa ndi Catherine II chifukwa cha Grigory Orlov amene ankamukonda kwambiri. Malo awa ndi ntchito ya tsogolo lamtsogolo adasankhidwa ndi iwo palimodzi, zomangamangazo zinatsirizidwa mwalamulo mu 1781, ngakhale kuti Earl wonyozeka adalowa kale kale. Mu 1883, a Orlov atamwalira, Catherine adawombola nyumbayi kuchokera kwa olowa nyumba ake a Paulo I. Mmodzi wa mabanja a Romanov adakwaniritsa izi pamodzi ndi zofuna zawo ndipo adakonzanso zochitika zatsopano za anthu. Pakali pano, chikumbutso ichi cha zomangamanga ndi mbiri chiri mu chikhalidwe cha kubwezeretsa. Nyumba yachifumuyo inasokonezeka kwambiri kuchokera m'manja mwa a fascists pa Nkhondo Yaikuru ya Patriotic, zina mwa zisudzozo zinatengedwa kupita ku Germany.

Tsarskoe Selo

Kuyambira Petro I, mafumu onse a ku Russia adasiya zochitika m'mbiri ya kupanga mawonekedwe amakono a mzinda wa Pushkin, kapena kuti, malo ake apadera omwe amapangidwira ndi mapaki. Asukulu a Bolshevik asanayambe kulamulira, malo ano ankadziwika kuti Tsarskoe Selo. Alexander Palace, komanso Catherine, pamodzi ndi madera oyandikana nawo ndi nyumba, ndizojambula zenizeni! Pa gawo la museumino wamakono pali njira zonse zojambula zamakono - kuchokera ku chida cha Russian chokhachoka ku chikhalidwe ndi zochitika zamakono za m'zaka za zana la 20. Catherine Palace ku Tsarskoe Selo imakulolani kuti mumve mzimu wa maulendo angapo a mafumu a Romanov. Catherine Wamkulu, Elizabeti, Aleksandro Woyamba I - onse anasiya chizindikiro chawo pa chitukuko cha mawonekedwe akunja ndi mkati mwa nyumba yachifumu. Zomwe zili zofunikira kwambiri kuti chikhulupilirochi chikhale chodalirika ndi malo omwe ali pafupi ndi malowa, omwe adalengedwera payekha. Nthaŵi ya ulamuliro wa Alexander I, Nicholas II (mfumu yomaliza ya ku Russia) ikugwirizana ndi nyumba ya Alexander (New Tsarskoselsky). Kuchokera ku mbiri yakale ndi zomangamanga, zinthu izi ndi zofunikira kuposa Nyumba ya Kremlin. Zithunzi, zipangizo zamakanema, maulendo osatha kumalo onse okhala kunyumba ya Romanovs akufunidwa nthawi zonse pakati pa dziko lathu komanso pakati pa anthu akunja.