Sphragistics ndi chiyani? The sayansi ya zisindikizo

Mayankho ku funso lakuti: "sphragistics ndi chiyani?" Yambani izo anaika mu 1709. M. Geynektsy. Sphragistics - sayansi kuti amaphunzira atolankhani. Pakuti Geynektsiem anatsatira anapereka sayansi dzina pano Iogann Geymann kenako Gatterer, Gerken, Ledebour, Hohenlohe-Waldenburg, ndi ena. Seyler za ntchito yabwino posachedwa sphragistics.

Kukula kwa sayansi ya zisindikizo

Mu XVIII m'ma anayamba kutenga mawonekedwe Dipatimenti sphragistics Diplomatique. zolinga zake pa nthawi anali ku chibwenzi kwa bukuli, komanso kukhazikitsa lodalirika ake. M'tsogolo, mfundo yoti sphragistics amenewa, waperekedwa. The ntchito sayansi kuyambira cha m'ma XIX kuyamba ambiri yosindikiza, anataya kulankhulana ndi chikalata (Chaldean, ku Egypt, Old, Parthian, wakale Indian ndi ena.). Iwo anapezeka pa ntchito yomanga. Popeza kuti sphragistics nthawi - sayansi kuti maphunziro, mwa zina, mbiri ya chitukuko ndi mapangidwe mabungwe wakale wa boma pa maziko a gulu la zisindikizo, amene detects kusintha ndodo yake. Mu USSR, panali nyamuka, n'kuchiumba sayansi imeneyi. Izi anali kugwirizana ndi kuwonjezeka kwambiri anapeza zofukulidwa mu Pskov ndi zipangizo Novgorod.

Mu mabuku Russian, kupatulapo chaputala wapadera m'buku la Lakier "Heraldry Russian", limene limafotokoza yosindikiza komanso akupereka yankho ku funso la chimene sphragistics nthawi yaitali sayansi tabadwa pang'ono ndi otalikirana zambiri. Yanin zafalitsa mu 1970 kuphunzira ziwiri buku lotchedwa "Documents pa ukwati kusindikiza Ancient Russia". wasayansi uyu anali m'malo mwa NP Likhachev case, amene ankaona anayambitsa sphragistics Union. Iwo Likhachev anakhala mwininkhani kuphunzira cholowa cha Ancient Russia pambuyo Novgorod kuthetsa unakhazikitsidwa chiyambi cha XX atumwi. The sayansi ya zisindikizo lero si wokangalika, koma kusinthika. Pali maphunziro watsopano m'dera limenelo.

sphragistics kulankhulana kwa numismatics ndi heraldry

Choncho tinaphunzira kuti sphragistics - sayansi kuti amaphunzira atolankhani. Tiyeni tsopano, ndi zina nthambi za nzeru ili kugwirizana kwambiri. sayansi mwachindunji zokhudzana numismatics, ndi heraldry. Ndi wotsiriza - kuti poyamba anali kugwiritsidwa ntchito pa Zisindikizo mafano ambirimbiri ndiye wadutsa mu mikono ya. Kusindikiza ntchito akalonga yeniyeni. Iwo ali choyimira cha cholowa imene analamulira anafaniziridwa. Patapita kanthawi, zizindikiro zimenezi nthawi zambiri m'gulu malaya a manja. Izi zinachitika Mwachitsanzo, Prince Golitsyn (chizindikiro Duchy la Lithuania).

Sphragistics zokhudzana numismatics kuti nthawi zambiri pandalama zinapangidwa kusindikiza kwa Prince, amene pa nthawi ya malamulo. Akapanda lolembedwa pa ndalama, monga chizindikiro pa kusindikiza akanakhoza kupeza chiyambi chake.

Sindikizani wakale

Pofuna kumvetsa bwino zimene sphragistics, tiyeni tione mbiri. wokalamba kwambiri ndi ntchito masitampu mwambo. Kale kalelo, anthu East kuika chisindikizo cha. mwambo umenewu unali wofala makamaka ku Babulo, Pesepoli ndi Egypt. Zisindikizo anali miyala molimba akuda amene anali mu mawonekedwe a kafadala, zonenepa, ndi zina zotero. G. zizindikiro Zikusiyana anayikidwa pa iwo.

Mu malo ambiri mu Baibulo angapezeke kutchulidwa kwa zisindikizo. Mwachitsanzo, mu Chapter III XXI Samuel, mu Chapter XIV ya Danieli chaputala XXXVIII Genesis. Mwambo womwa kwa anthu kum'mawa anabwereka Aroma ndi Agiriki. Aroma ntchito alipidwa kusindikiza-mphete. Iwo anachita kusindikiza chithunzi, kuwagwiritsa kwa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zochita. Kukwatiwa pa mafuko nthaka Roma anaphunzira khalidwe limeneli, lomwe koma anakhala ambiri ndi wamba ayi kale kuposa zaka za m'ma XII.

Mtengo wa chikhalidwe ntchito ya masitampu Kale

Kwa nthawi yaitali, kusindikiza m'malo siginecha, kotero izo zinali mtengo wapatali. kusamalitsa osiyanasiyana analembedwa ntchito kupewa chinyengo. Chimenecho ndiye cholinga poyamba anali ngati sayansi kuti amaphunzira atolankhani. Ndi chofunika kwambiri chinachitika ubwenzi zochita zawo zofunika. Ngati Germany ndi Aroma, unali mwambo kuti anaikidwa mmanda ndi wakufayo wake chisindikizo-mphete. Nthawi zina amavala pa khosi, alonda a zisindikizo anthu ndi achifumu.

Mitundu ya zisindikizo wakale

Kuti VIII atumwi, ntchito makamaka mmodzi ndiye amaganiza. Komabe, patatha zaka ziwiri, anayamba m'malo ndi awiri kuti ankadalira pepala, zikopa, kapena anapachikidwa pa zingwe za. Panali leaden yosindikiza (ayi - Sindikizani-ng'ombe, ndi dzina ku mipira patsogolo, amene anamenyedwa kunja fano), siliva, golide (kawirikawiri), mkuwa, phula, tini ndi phula. Kupatulapo phula ndi phula, iwo onse wopalamulayo. Mu sphragistics kumadzulo masitampu amenewa amatchedwa sigilla, kapena sigilla pendentia. Iwo append pansi makalata, atangotha siginecha, pa silika kapena nsalu chingwe kapena zidutswa za chikopa kapena zikopa. Ngati pali zisindikizo ochepa, pamene iwo anayikidwa akutsatiridwa ndi udindo ndi malo a eni.

Anali mawonekedwe yosiyanasiyana ya zisindikizo: iwo anali kuzungulira (yakale), oblong, chowulungika, lalikulu, triangular, hexagonal, ndi ena.

Mtengo mtundu wa zisindikizo

Ndi chikhalidwe cha zochitika ndi ulemu wa anthu kusiyanitsa mitundu ya phula. Kukhala mwayekha, komanso ngati ali ndi mwayi wapadera, kupereka ufulu wofiira sera chisindikizo. Kawirikawiri wakuda sera kusindikizidwa zilembo za kholo la Constantinople. Azure kapena buluu mtundu ankaona mu XVI ndi XVII m'ma mwayi.

boma yosindikiza

Zisindikizo Buku anatumizidwa eni Logos, zolemba mu mawonekedwe a malamulo, malangizo, eni chithunzi anthu. Zizindikiro kapena zizindikiro makamaka osiyanasiyana. zisindikizo Special boma analipo uliwonse boma. Iwo agawidwa mu mitundu ikuluikulu itatu: wamng'ono, sing'anga ndi lalikulu. Large zinalengedwa kwa zikalata zofunika kwambiri, makamaka Mfundo lonse ndi malamulo. Small ndi sing'anga ntchito zolemba zosafuni- ndi makalata mafumu a. Ntchito za munthu olamulira ena limati ndi wapadera wa atolankhani mseri (makamaka mu Netherlands ndi England). woyang'anira boma chisindikizo kwa gawo lalikulu ndi Utumiki kapena Nduna ya Za Chilungamo ndi a Unduna Woona za okhonda (Sweden, Württemberg, Bavaria ndi Netherlands) ndi Utumiki wa State (Prussia).

Azidziwa odula banja la manja chisindikizo ali ndi Papa. Iwo Ufumuyo Mfundo papa ndipo udzatha. yosindikiza apadera komanso ndi Mlembi wa State wa Papa. Yosungirako Chisindikizo ku Switzerland ikuchitika mu ofesi ya Bungwe la Federal.

Woyamba Russian osindikizira

Kutchula koyamba za m'makina Russia ndi mapangano Svyatoslav ndi Igor ndi Ahelene. Kuyambira chikalata 945, timaphunzira kuti akazembe athu anali kugwiritsa ntchito golide chisindikizo, ndi amalonda (alendo) - siliva. Vladimir mu 1006 anakonza zoti ufulu wochita malonda pakati pa amalonda Russian ndi Chibugariya. Iye anapereka zonse zimene ndi kusindikiza china chapadera monga chizindikiro cha chilolezo kalonga. Iwo anali ngati mutu wa amalonda satifiketi.

Press mathirakiti Russia

Ufulu ndi kusindikiza koyamba yekha ku Grand Duke. Komabe, ndi kugawikana pa cholowa Russia komanso kufalitsa kwa akalonga. Kusindikiza ndi chitukuko loyang'anira dziko lathu zitsulo chowonjezera kutumikira anthu a mitundu yonse. Madongosolo ndi mizinda nazo. Mitundu iwiri anali kalonga yosindikiza: munthu, mabungwe (kusindikiza-mphete) ndi m'boma. Potsatira chitsanzo cha boyars woyamba anayamba kusindikiza kunyumba. Iwo anali zitsulo - siliva, golide, kutsogolera ndi gilded siliva; sera (chikasu, wakuda, ofiira ndi woderapo); voskomastichnye chifukwa cha mphamvu zazikulu za sera linasintha; makina utomoni kapena phula (chosowa kwambiri), komanso sera, imene analowa ntchito kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma XVII. Zingwe za mitundu yosiyanasiyana - hemp, silika ndi worsted - append zitsulo yosindikiza. Other atalemekeza ndi zina munali pepala chitetezo kwambiri. Chifukwa cha ichi, iwo anadziwika pansi zisindikizo Custodio.

Images pa zikusonyeza

Amakezana Kalonga kusindikiza watsikira kwa ife - siliva, golide, umene mbali imodzi akufotokozedwa nkhope ya Khristu, ndi pa zina - kumenya njoka Arhangela Mihaila. chosindikizira ichi priveshen mwapatsidwa hayala kuti Mstislav Vladimirovich (Kalonga) ndi Vsevolod (mwana wake). Kunayamba zaka 1125-1132. Kuwonjezera zithunzi izi, akalonga kenako zisindikizo kukumana St. Nicholas, Alexander, Simeon, Ioann Predtecha, ndi ena. Zithunzi Akalonga, zizindikiro zosiyanasiyana, komanso pali mawu ena omwe ali ndi chisindikizo cha kalonga. A zambiri zitsanzo zosowa zakale, chinapezeka pakati zisindikizo XIV-XV zaka. sphragistics sayansi ndi lero chinkhoswe mu kafukufuku wawo. Iwo amaoneka kuti akhala kuchotsedwa Byzantium. Pa masitampu izi zikuwonetsera zithunzi m'nthano.

Amakezana a mzinda chisindikizo, amene anafika ife, - Novgorod, zokhudza 1426. Iye zaikidwa ndi zikalata contractual a Novgorod ndi Tver Prince Borisom Aleksandrovichem. Iwo amaonetsera nyama ndi mutu ndi akavalo, miyendo ndipo mbuyo mkango kuthamanga ndi mchira anamuukitsa. Chingwe monga impso ankatha kuona pakati pa khosi ndi mutu. Pa nsana ndi lolembedwa, lomwe limati: ". Chidindo cha Novgorod" Mu Novgorod zisindikizo kenako akuonetsedwa Panther kapena kambuku atakhala pa mpando wa chithunzi wamkazi, awiri mphungu, Nyamuliranani neri Al.

Pskov mbiri kutsatira Novgorod. The wamkulu wa iwo chinakopedwa 1510. Iwo akunena nyalugwe akuthamanga ndi mchira m'mwamba, lilime lake kumutulutsira ndi zikhadabu lotambasula. Mozungulira makina akuti: "Lembani Gospodarstwa Pskov". Omangika pa XV ndi XVI zaka mzinda, analandira kuchokera Printer boma. Nthawi zambiri yothandiza ndi kusintha iwo. yosindikiza osiyanasiyana ntchito mpaka 1702, kenako - makamaka ndi awiri mutu mphungu.

mitundu yonse awa a m'banja sphragistics maphunziro lero. Kudandaula mbiri Zimathandizanso kudziwa dongosolo mu sayansi. sphragistics Russian, makamaka, kumathandiza kumvetsa chitukuko cha boma wathu, amene amapereka nkhani zofunika zambiri.