Kukuthandiza nitrate. katundu mankhwala, ntchito

Kukuthandiza nitrate - ndi pawiri zochita kupanga ndi chilinganizo zotsatirazi: PB (NO3) 2. Mu boma wabwinobwino ndi ufa woyera kapena timibulu colorless. mankhwala kwambiri sungunuka m'madzi.

thupi katundu

1. Ndi bwino sungunuka ndi mayamwidwe kutentha mu H2O (madzi), bwino - mu acetone, komanso methyl ndi ethyl alcohols.
2. ndipamene timibulu colorless diamagnetic, kachulukidwe 4,530 g / santimetr³. Aliyense atomu PB (kutsogolera) atazingidwa ndi maatomu khumi ndi awiri a inu (mpweya). PB-O chomangira kutalika 0,281 nm, ndi NO - 0.127 nm. Kodi dongosolo kiyubiki. Pa3 limabweretsa gulu danga. komanso mawonekedwe monoclinic chinapezeka kupatula mitundu kiyubiki kuti ngakhale pamene usavutike bwino sungunuka H2O (madzi).
3. Kukuthandiza limatsogolera kutentha kwa 600,65 K.

Momwe kutsogolera nitrate

mankhwala sapezeka chikhalidwe. Choncho, anthu apanga njira ziti (mafakitale ndi zasayansi), amene kuchepetsedwa kwa nchito yanyumba kutsogolera (PB), hydroxide kapena okusayidi mu kuchepetsa asidi nitric. zosiyanasiyana:
3Pb (kutsogolera) + 8HNO3 (asidi nitric) = 3Pb (NO3) 2 (kutsogolera nitrate) + 2NO (okusayidi nitric adzamasulidwa monga mpweya) + 4H2O (madzi);
PbO (kutsogolera okusayidi) + 2HNO3 (asidi nitric) = PB (NO3) 2 (kutsogolera nitrate) + H2O (madzi);
PB (o) 2 (kutsogolera hydroxide) + 2HNO3 (nitric acid) = PB (NO3) 2 (kutsogolera dinitrate) + 3H2O (madzi).

Kuti akathetse hydrolysis ndi kuchepetsa solubility wa kutsogolera dinitrate asidi nitric ayenera kumwedwa mwauchidakwa.

Komanso, kutsogolera dinitrate analandira monga chochokera mu kuyeretsedwa asidi zinyalala, asidi nitric, mwachitsanzo, pamene processing zinyalala kutsogolera-bismuth mafakitale. Kenako, pawiri ntchito cyanide leaching wa golide.

Kodi katundu mankhwala ndi nitrate kutsogolera

1. Mu njira amadzimadzi nitrate kutsogolera dissociates mu anions nitrate ndi cations patsogolo. Apa pali chimene anachita izi:

PB (NO3) 2 (kutsogolera dinitrate) = Pb2 + (kutsogolera cation) + 2NO3- (nitrogen oxide anion)

Yankho hydrolyzed kutsogolera dinitrate. Pamene owonjezera kuchuluka nitratokompleksy NO3- amapangidwa: [PB (NO3) 6] 3-, [PB (NO3) 4] 2- ndi [PB (NO3) 3] -. Ngati pH wa kuwonjezeka njira, chifukwa analengedwa gidronitraty PB (o) × (NO3) Y variable zikuchokera. Ena a iwo pa nthawi yomweyo olekanitsidwa mu boma olimba.

2. Popeza dinitrate kutsogolera ndi sungunuka pawiri, n'zotheka kupeza zotsatirazi kuwombola anachita:

2HCl (hydrochloric acid) + PB (NO3) 2 = PbCl2 (mankhwala enaake kutsogolera precipitates) + 2HNO3 (nitric acid);
H2SO4 (sulfuric acid) + PB (NO3) 2 = PbSO4 (kutsogolera sulphate precipitates) + 2HNO3 (nitric acid);
PB (NO3) 2 (kutsogolera nitrate) + 2NaOH (sodium hydroxide) = PB (o) 2 (hydroxide kutsogolera precipitates) + 2NaNO3 (ndi sodium nitrate);
PB (NO3) 2 + 2NaN3 (sodium wochuluka azide) = PB (N3) 2 (kutsogolera azide, precipitates) + 2NaNO3 (ndi sodium nitrate).

Aliyense pawiri mankhwala munali cation kutsogolera (PB + 2) angachite ndi njira imene anion ndi iodide. Izi ndipamene precipitate wa lachikasu lalanje mtundu (Pbl2, kutsogolera iodide). Izo zikuwoneka ngati anachita izi:

Pb2 + + 2l- = Pbl2 (pellet)

Yemweyo kuwombola anachita mu gawo olimba. Mwachitsanzo:

PB (NO3) 2 + 2Kl (potaziyamu) = Pbl2 (precipitates) + 2KNO3 (potaziyamu nitrate)

Ntchito nitrate kutsogolera

- ntchito monga chinthu choyambira kwa kupanga kwambiri za mankhwala ena a PB (kutsogolera);
- ngati woletsa wa ma polima nayiloni ndi polyesters ena, monga rodenticide, mu zokutira pepala fototermograficheskoy;
- ngati nitrate patsogolo - ndi dovolno mankhwala woopsawo mu gawo mafakitale ntchito tsopano mankhwala ena. Mwachitsanzo, mu kupanga utoto, machesi ndi makombola kwathunthu anasiya mankhwala patsogolo.
- mu zasayansi wa nitrate kutsogolera ntchito ngati wabwino ndi yabwino gwero la dinitrogen tetroxide;
- ndi posachedwapa zedi chochepa kwambiri cha mankhwala pawiri ntchito cyanidation golide.
- mu Organic Chemistry, PB (NO3) 2 ntchito monga oxidant, kuti alandire dithiocarbamate wa isothiocyanates. izo chifukwa kawopsedwe ake mkulu ntchito kuchepa.

chitetezo

Kukuthandiza nitrate zimagawidwa monga gulu 2A (mwina carcinogenic anthu pawiri). Asamve inhalation wa utsi poizoni kapena ingestion ake ndi kukhudzana ndi khungu kapena mucosa. kutsogolera dinitrate asungike pansi pa ulamuliro. Chemical poyizoni ndi pawiri zimenezi zimapangitsa kuti poyizoni, gliomas ndi khansa aimpso, ubongo ndi mapapo.