Raoul Wallenberg: biography, chithunzi, banja

"Wolungama Pakati pa Mitundu Yathu" - inali mutu waukulu mu 1963 umene unaperekedwa pambuyo pake kuti apite kwa nthumwi wina wa ku Sweden amene anapulumutsa Ayuda masauzande pa nthawi ya chipani cha Nazi, ndipo adafa m'ndende ya Soviet pansi pazifukwa zozizwitsa.

Dzina la munthu uyu ndi Wallenberg Raul Gustav, ndipo akuyenerera kuti anthu ambiri momwemo angadziwire za chidwi chake, chomwe ndi chitsanzo cha umunthu weniweni waumunthu.

Raoul Wallenberg: banja

Msilikali wamtsogolo adabadwa mu 1912 mumzinda wa Sweden wa Kappla, pafupi ndi Stockholm. Bambo anga sanamuone mnyamatayo, popeza msilikali wa Navy, Raul Oskar Wallenberg, adamwalira ndi khansara patadutsa miyezi itatu kuti wolowa nyumba adzalandire. Kotero, amayi ake ankaphunzira - May Wallenberg.

Banja la Raul Gustav pa mzere wa makolo linadziwika ku Sweden, ambiri a zachuma ndi adipatimenti a ku Sweden anachitika. Makamaka, panthawi ya kubadwa kwa mnyamatayo, agogo ake a Gustav Wallenberg - anali mlembi wa dziko lake ku Japan.

Pa nthawi yomweyi, pa mzere wa amayi omwe anabadwa nawo, Raul anali mbadwa yamtengo wapatali wotchedwa Bendix, amene amadziwika kuti ndi mmodzi mwa anthu omwe anayambitsa chikhalidwe cha Ayuda ku Sweden. Zoona, kholo la Wallenberg panthawi ina anatenga a Lutheran, kotero ana ake onse, adzukulu ndi zidzukulu zawo anali Akhristu.

Mu 1918, May Vising Wallenberg anakwatira mtsogoleri wachiwiri wa Utumiki wa Zaumoyo wa Sweden, Fredrik von Dardel. Mu ukwati umenewu, mwana wamkazi wa Nina ndi mwana wa Guy von Dardel anabadwa, amene kenako anakhala katswiri wa sayansi ya nyukiliya. Raul anali ndi mwayi ndi bambo ake okalamba, popeza adamuchitira mofanana ndi ana ake omwe.

Maphunziro:

Kulera kwa mnyamatayu kunali makamaka agogo ake. Choyamba anatumizidwa kumalo a usilikali, kenako n'kupita ku France. Zotsatira zake, panthawi yomwe adafika ku yunivesite ya Michigan mu 1931, mnyamatayo adayankhula zinenero zambiri. Kumeneko anaphunzira zomangamanga ndipo pambuyo pake adalandira ndondomeko ya maphunziro abwino kwambiri.

Bungwe

Ngakhale banja la Raoul Wallenberg silinkafuna ndalama ndi kukhala ndi udindo wapamwamba ku Sweden, mu 1933 iye ankafuna kupeza moyo wake yekha. Kotero, monga wophunzira, iye anapita ku Chicago, kumene iye ankagwira ntchito mu bwalo la Chicago World Exhibition.

Atalandira diploma, mu 1935 Raoul Wallenberg anabwerera ku Stockholm ndipo adagwira nawo mpikisano wopanga phukusi losambira.

Ndiye kuti asakwiyitse agogo ake aamuna, omwe adafuna kuti Raul akhale wodala mabanki, adaganiza zogwira ntchito zamalonda ndikupita ku Cape Town komwe adalowa mu kampani yaikulu yomwe imagulitsa zipangizo za zomangamanga. Atamaliza maphunziro ake, adalandira umboni wodalirika kuchokera kwa mwini wakeyo, yemwe Gustav Wallenberg, yemwe panthawiyo anali ambassador wa ku Sweden ku Turkey, anasangalala kwambiri.

Agogo aamuna adapeza mdzukulu wake wokondedwa ntchito yatsopano mu "Dutch Bank" ku Haifa. Kumeneku, Raoul Wallenberg anakumana ndi Ayuda achinyamata. Anathaŵa ku Nazi Germany ndipo anafotokoza za kuzunzidwa kumene iwo anagonjetsedwa. Msonkhano umenewu unapanga mtsogoleri wa mbiri yathu kuti adziwe kuti ali ndi chiyanjano ndi anthu achiyuda ndipo adagwira ntchito yofunikira pa tsogolo lake.

Raoul Wallenberg: biography (1937-1944)

"Kuvutika Kwakukulu" mu Sweden si nthawi yabwino yopeza moyo mwa kugwira ntchito monga womangamanga, kotero mnyamatayo anaganiza zoyambitsa bizinesi yake yekha ndikupanga mgwirizano ndi Myuda wina wa Chijeremani. Ntchitoyi inalephera, ndipo pofuna kuti asapitirize kugwira ntchito, Raoul adatembenukira kwa amalume ake a Jacobb, omwe adakonza mwana wa mphwake ku Central European Trade Company, Kalman Lauer yemwe anali ndi Ayuda. Patangopita miyezi ingapo Wallenberg Raul anali kale kale ndi mwini wake wa kampaniyo ndi mmodzi wa oyang'anira ake. Panthawi imeneyi, nthawi zambiri ankapita ku Ulaya ndipo ankachita mantha ndi zomwe adaziwona ku Germany komanso m'mayiko omwe amafalitsidwa ndi fascists.

Ntchito zamakono

Popeza kuti zaka zonsezi ku Sweden aliyense adadziwa kuti banja la Wallenberg (mtsogoleri wa adipatimenti) akubwera, mu July 1944 Raul anasankhidwa kukhala mlembi woyamba wa dziko lake ku Budapest. Kumeneku iye adapeza njira yothandizira Ayuda akumeneko, omwe adali kuyembekezera imfa: adawapatsa masipoti a Swedish otetezera, omwe adapatsa eni ake udindo wa nzika za Sweden, omwe akudikira kubwerera kwawo.

Kuwonjezera pamenepo, adatha kuwatsutsa akuluakulu ena a Wehrmacht kuti alepheretse kulamula malamulo ake kuti azitumizira kumisasa ya imfa ya Budapest ghetto. Kotero, iye anali wokhoza kupulumutsa miyoyo ya Ayuda, omwe anali oti adzawononge asanati abwere Chimake Chofiira. Pambuyo pa nkhondoyo anawerengedwa kuti chifukwa cha zochita zake pafupifupi anthu zikwi zana anapulumutsidwa. Zikhoza kunena kuti mu asilikari a Budapest Soviet okha anakomana ndi Ayuda okwana 97,000, komabe Ayuda 800,000 a ku Hungary okha 204,000 okha anapulumuka. Choncho, pafupifupi theka la iwo adapatsidwa chipulumutso kwa nthumwi ya Sweden.

Tsogolo la Wallenberg pambuyo pa kumasulidwa kwa Hungary kuchokera ku chipani cha Nazi

Malinga ndi akatswiri ena, akatswiri a Soviet anafufuza nthaŵi zambiri ku Wallenberg ku Budapest. Ponena za chiwonongeko chake cha mtsogolo pambuyo pa kufika kwa a Red Army, matembenuzidwe osiyanasiyana adayankhulidwa mu makina a dziko lapansi.

Malingana ndi wina wa iwo, kumayambiriro kwa 1945, pamodzi ndi woyendetsa ndege V. V. Langfelder, woyang'anira Soviet anagwidwa pomanga nyumba ya International Red Cross (malinga ndi buku lina, iye anamanga NKVD m'nyumba yake). Kuchokera kumeneko nthumwi inatumizidwa kwa R.Ya. Malinovsky, yemwe panthawiyo analamula 2 Ukrainian Front Front, pofuna kuti amuuze zambiri zachinsinsi. Palinso lingaliro lakuti iye anagwidwa ndi antchito a SMERS, omwe anaganiza kuti Raoul Wallenberg anali spy. Chifukwa cha zifukwa zoterozo zikanakhoza kupezeka ndi golidi wambiri ndi ndalama m'galimoto yake, yomwe ingadabwe chifukwa cha chuma chobedwa ndi chipani cha chipani cha chipani cha chipani cha chipani cha chipani cha chipani cha Nazi, pomwepo iwo anasiyidwa kwa nthumwi kuti asungidwe ndi Ayuda opulumutsidwa. Khalani monga momwe zingakhalire, palibe malemba omwe akuwonetsa kulanda kwa ndalama zambiri ndi zodzikongoletsera ku Raoul Wallenberg, kapena zolemba zawo.

Zinatsimikiziridwa kuti pa March 8, 1945, Radio Koshut, yomwe inali pansi pa Soviet, inati panthawi ya nkhondo ku Budapest, nthumwi wina wa ku Sweden dzina lake anaphedwa.

Ku USSR

Kuti apeze zomwe zinachitika Raoul Wallenberg, ofufuzawo anakakamizidwa kuti adziwe mfundo pang'ono pokha. Kotero, iwo anatha kupeza kuti iye anatumizidwa ku Moscow, komwe iwo anamuika iye kundende ku Lubyanka. Akaidi a ku Germany omwe analipo nthawi yomweyo adanena kuti adalankhula naye kudzera mu "prison telegraph" mpaka 1947, pambuyo pake, mwina adamutumizira kwinakwake.

Msilikali wake atamwalira ku Budapest, Sweden adafunsa zambiri za tsogolo lake, koma akuluakulu a Soviet adanena kuti sakudziwa komwe kuli Raoul Wallenberg. Komanso, mu August 1947, Pulezidenti Wachilendo Wachilendo A. Ya Vyshinsky adalengeza momveka bwino kuti palibe nthumwi ya ku Sweden ku USSR. Komabe, mu 1957 mbali ya Soviet inakakamizika kuvomereza kuti Raoul Wallenberg (chithunzi pamwambapa) anamangidwa ku Budapest, kupita ku Moscow ndipo anamwalira ndi matenda a mtima mu July 1947.

Pa nthawi yomweyi, m'mabuku a Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Vyshinsky analemba kwa VM Molotov (a May 1947) adapezekanso kuti akakamize Abakumov kuti apereke chikalata ku Wallenberg ndi pempho loti liwonongeke. Pambuyo pake, pulezidenti mwiniwakeyo kale adalembera kalata Mtumiki wa chitetezo cha boma ndipo adayankha kupereka yankho la konkire pokonzekera momwe USSR ikuyendera ku mbali ya Sweden.

Kufufuzira mlandu ku Wallenberg pambuyo pa kugwa kwa USSR

Kumapeto kwa 2000, malinga ndi lamulo la RF "Potsitsimutsa anthu ozunzidwa ndi ndale," Ofesi ya Purezidenti General inavomereza chisankho chofanana pa mlandu wa woimira dipatimenti wa Sweden R. Wallenberg ndi V. Langfelder. Pomalizira pake, adanenedwa kuti mu January 1945 anthuwa, pokhala antchito a Swedish mission mumzinda wa Hungarian, ndi Wallenberg, mwazinthu zina, adakali ndi chitetezo chamagulu, anagwidwa ndi kuchitidwa mpaka atamwalira kundende za USSR.

Chigamulochi chinatsutsidwa, chifukwa anthu sanapereke zikalata zokhudzana ndi, monga zifukwa zomangidwa ndi Wallenberg ndi Langfelder.

Kafukufuku wa asayansi akunja

Mu 2010, kufufuza kunafalitsidwa ndi akatswiri a mbiri yakale a ku Amerika S. Berger ndi V. Birstein, omwe akuti ponena za imfa ya Raoul Wallenberg pa Julayi 17, 1947 inali yonyenga. Mu Central Archive ya FSB, chikalata chinapezeka kuti masiku asanu ndi limodzi pambuyo pa tsikulo, mutu wa Division 4 wa Utumiki wa Chitetezo cha USSR (asilikali omenyera nkhondo) kwa maola angapo ofunsidwa "wotsogola nambala 7," kenako Shandor Caton ndi Vilmos Langfelder. Popeza kuti awiriwa anali ogwirizana ndi Wallenberg, asayansi ankaganiza kuti dzina lake linali losindikizidwa.

Kumbukirani

Ayuda ankayamikira zonse zimene Wallenberg Raul anachitira ana ake panthawi ya Nazi.

Chikumbutso ku Moscow kwa munthu wosadzikonda uyu ali pazipata za Yauzsky. Kuwonjezera apo, zikumbutso zomwe zimamukumbukira iye ziri mu mizinda 29 ya dziko lapansi.

Mu 1981, mmodzi mwa a Hungary a ku Hungary, atapulumutsidwa ndi nthumwi yomwe kenako adasamukira ku US ndipo adakhala mtsogoleri wa bungwe la congressman, adayambitsa Wallenberg yoyenera kukhala mzika ya dziko lino. Kuchokera apo, August 5 amadziwika ngati tsiku la kukumbukira kwake ku United States.

Monga tanenera kale, mu 1963 bungwe la Israel la Yad Vashem linapatsa Raul Gustaf Wallenberg dzina laulemu la Olungama Pakati pa Amitundu, omwe, kupatulapo iye, adapatsidwa kwa Oscar Schindler wamalonda wa ku Germany, membala wa chipani cha Resistance Movement - wopanda mantha Iren Sendler, msilikali wa Wehrmacht Wilhelm Hozenfeld, wa ku Armenian Ochokera kudziko lina omwe adadzipulumutsa okha ku ukapolo ku Turkey, Dilsizyan, 197 Russia omwe anabisa Ayuda m'nyumba zawo panthawi yomwe ankagwira ntchito, komanso oimira ena pafupifupi 5. Anthu 26,119 okha, omwe samva chisoni ndi mnansi wawo.

Banja

Mayi ndi abambo ake aang'ono Wallenberg adapereka moyo wawo wonse kufunafuna Raul wakusowa. Iwo analamula ngakhale mwana wake wamwamuna ndi mlongo wake kuti aganizire kuti nthumwiyo ili ndi moyo kufikira chaka cha 2000. Nkhani yawo inapitilizidwa ndi zidzukulu zawo, amenenso anayesera kupeza momwe Wallenberg anamwalira.

Mkazi wa Kofi Annan - Nana Lagergren, mwana wa Raul - anakhala wotsutsa wotchuka ndi mavuto a zaka chikwi ndipo anapitirizabe miyambo yaumunthu ya banja lake, omwe anayambitsa amalume ake. Anayang'ananso za mavuto a ana omwe sangathe kupeza maphunziro chifukwa cha umphaŵi wa mabanja awo. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, pali lingaliro lakuti panthawi ya chiwawa ku Rwanda, mwamuna wake adadziwonetsa mosiyana ndi Raoul Wallenberg: Kofi Annan adayambitsa kuchotsedwa kwa UN peacekeepers m'dziko muno kumene nkhondo yamtundu ikukwera, yomwe idapweteka kwambiri kwa oimira a Tutsi.

Tsopano mukudziwa yemwe Raoul Wallenberg anali, amene mbiri yake imakhalabe ndi malo ambiri osabvundika. Mdipatimenti uyu wochokera ku Sweden adatsika mu mbiri monga munthu yemwe anapulumutsa zikwi za miyoyo, koma sakanatha kuthawa mu ndende za ndende, komwe adadzipezera yekha popanda kuyesedwa.