Alexei Mikhailovich Romanov: Ndondomeko ya Mfumu ndi Yachilendo ya Mfumu

Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich anali mwana wa woyamba ku Moscow wa banja la Romanov Mikhail Fedorovich ndi mkazi wake Evdokia Lukyanovna. Anakwera kumpando wachifumu mu 1645 atamwalira bambo ake. Pa moyo wake wonse, Mikhail Fedorovich anatha kupanga ana khumi (Irina, Pelagia, Alexei, Anna, Marfa, Ivan, Sofia, Tatyana, Evdokia ndi Vasily). Ngakhale kuti anali ndi mtundu wambiri, oloŵa nyumba asanu ndi atatu a mfumu anafa ali mwana. Panthawi ya imfa ya Mikhail Fyodorovich, mwana wake Aleksey ndiye anali wolowa m'malo mwa mpando wachifumu.

Maphunziro ndi khalidwe la wolamulira

Mbiri ya Tsar Alexis Mikhailovich Romanov ikusonyeza kuti anabadwa mu 1629. Mpaka zaka zisanu adasamaliridwa ndi "amayi" a mfumu, ndipo atakula, mnyamata wake Boris Boris Morozov adaphunzira . Mfumuyo inapatsidwa maphunziro abwino kwambiri: Iye ankadziwa kalatayi, ankadziwa zinenero zambiri zakunja, kumvetsa zaumulungu, nzeru ndi malamulo. Atakwera ku mpando wachifumu wa Moscow ali ndi zaka 16, mnyamata tsar anawerenga mosamala zonse zikalata ndi mapemphero, omwe analemba ndi kulemba malamulo. Maphunziro ndi mawonekedwe akuluakulu analola Alexei Mikhailovich kukwaniritsa bwino mu boma la boma.

Kwa zaka 31 dzikoli linatsogoleredwa ndi Aleksei Mikhailovich Romanov (1645-1676). Chifukwa cha chikondi chake cha Mulungu ndi chifatso, adatchedwa kuti Tishaysim pakati pa anthu. Koma ndi zovuta kutchula nthawi ya ulamuliro wa mfumu bata. Pa nthawi imeneyo, dziko la Russia linagwedezeka ndi ziwawa, zandale, zachuma komanso zachipembedzo. Mkhalidwe wovuta mkati mwa boma udachulukitsidwa ndi nkhondo yomwe inatha nthawi yaitali ndi dziko la Commonwealth. Koma momwe zinalili zovuta, Alexei Mikhailovich nthawizonse ankatha kubweretsa dongosolo ndi kulimbikitsa anthu okwiya.

Chiwawa cha mchere

Alexey Mikhailovich Romanov anakhala wamng'ono kwambiri ku mpando wachifumu wa Moscow . Mfundo zapakhomo ndi zakunja kumayambiriro kwa ulamuliro wake zinali m'manja mwa Boyar Morozov. Pamodzi ndi iye, misonkho inachulukitsidwa m'dzikoli, ziphuphu komanso kukangana kwawonjezeka. Udzu wotsiriza wa kuleza mtima kwa anthu okwiyitsa unali chiyambi cha 1646 cha msonkho wa mchere, zomwe zinapangitsa kuti mitengo ya zakudya zambiri zitheke. Makamaka kusintha kumeneku kunakhudza amphawi ndi amalonda. Kusakhutira kwa anthu omwe ali ndi ndondomeko ya Morozov ndi kusagwirizana kwa Alexei Mikhailovich kunatsogolera ku Salt Revolt (1848), chifukwa cha mzindawo unatenthedwa, nyumba za anyamata omwe amadana kwambiri anawonongedwa. Anthuwo adakwanitsa kukwaniritsa cholinga chawo: Alexei Mikhailovich adakakamiza Moroarov kuti anyamuke ndi mphamvu ndipo adamutumiza ku ukapolo.

Kukhazikitsidwa kwa Cathedral Code ndi malamulo a malonda

Pambuyo pa Salt Riot, zinaonekeratu kuti kusintha kwakukulu kumafunikira m'dzikoli. Ndondomeko ya mkati mwa Alexei Mikhailovich panthawiyi cholinga chake chinali kulimbikitsa olemekezeka ndi kuchepetsa ufulu wa anthu osauka. Pofika m'chaka cha 1649, Collective Code inakhazikitsidwa ndikugwiritsidwa ntchito - mndandanda wa malamulo olamulira magawo osiyanasiyana a moyo wa dziko. Pachilemba ichi, kwa nthawi yoyamba, kugawa kwa malamulo ku nthambi kwatchulidwa (boma, chigawenga, banja, chikhalidwe).

Alexei Mikhailovich anayesetsa kwambiri kulimbikitsa chuma cha boma. Cholinga chake chinali kuteteza msika wa mdziko kwa ochita masewera akunja. Mfumuyo inathandizira kumanga kwa manufactories. Mu 1653, Torgoviy anavomerezedwa, ndipo mu 1667 - Chigawo cha Novotrade. Malembawa anali ochepa malonda kunja kwa dziko ndipo adathandizira kuti pakhale chitukuko cha zachuma.

Kuwukitsidwa kwakukulu

Anthu wamba sanakhutire ndi kusintha komwe Alexei Mikhailovich Romanov ankachita. Ndondomeko ya mkati ndi yachilendo yomwe inachitidwa ndi tsar inachititsa kuti pakhale kusintha kwa ndalama mu 1662: Zasiliva za golidi ndi siliva sizikanatha kubwereza ndalama zonse zomwe zinkapezeka m'dzikoli, motero adapanga chisankho kuti apange makobidi amkuwa. Chifukwa cha kumasulidwa kosalamulirika kwa kopecks zazing'ono, kutsika kwakukulu kwa chuma ndi kukwera kwa mtengo wa katundu kunayamba m'dzikoli. Anthu, atakwiya ndi ntchito za mfumu, ananyamuka kupita ku Copper Riot, yomwe inazunzidwa mwankhanza ndi asilikali a tsarist.

Mndandanda wamtunduwu wokhudzana ndi kusagwirizana ndi malamulo a Aleksei Mikhailovich, akuwonekera mobwerezabwereza mu ulamuliro wake. Mu 1670-1671 nkhondo ya mdziko inayamba m'dzikoli , yomwe idatsogoleredwa ndi Stepan Razin. Monga mazunzo ambiri otchuka, adanyozedwa, ndipo mtsogoleri wake adagawidwa.

Nkhondo zachipembedzo

Pansi pa Aleksei Mikhailovich, panali mkangano ndi Tchalitchi cha Russian Orthodox, chomwe chinayambitsa maziko ake. Chifukwa cha ichi chinali kuyesayesa kwa Mkulu wazakale Nikon kuti azigonjetsa mphamvu zauzimu zakuthupi. Zochita za atsogoleri adatsogolera kuti mu 1666 iye adataya udindo wake ndikutumizidwa ku Monastery ya Ferapontov Belozersky, koma izi sizinawapulumutse Mpingo.

Nkhondo ndi mayiko oyandikana nawo

Dziko la Russia linakula kwambiri m'malire ake, pamene tsar anakhala Alexei Mikhailovich Romanov. Ndondomeko ya mkati ndi yachilendo pansi pake inali yothandizana kwambiri, monga adagonjetsa nkhondo ndi mayiko ena oyandikana nawo, ndipo izi zinapangitsa kuti anthu asakhale ndi ndalama komanso osakhutira. Zotsatira za nkhondo yayikulu ndi Commonwealth ya Polish-Lithuanian inali kugwirizananso mu 1554 ku Russia ndi Ukraine, komanso kuwonjezereka kwa Chernigov, Smolensk ndi mizinda ina ya ku Russia. Mu 1556-1558, Alexei Mikhailovich anamenyana ndi a Swedeni kuti alowe ku Nyanja ya Baltic, koma zotsatira za mkangano uwu sizinali zogwira mtima monga kumwera kwakumadzulo. Komanso panthawi ya ulamuliro wachiwiri wa tsara wochokera ku ufumu wa Romanov, Russia inatha kuwonjezera gawo la Siberia ndi Far East.

Pa moyo wake Alexei Mikhailovich anali wokwatira kawiri (kwa nthawi yoyamba pa Maria Miloslavskaya, wachiwiri - pa Natalia Naryshkina). Kuchokera kwa akazi awiri anali ndi ana 16, asanu mwa iwo anafa ali mwana. Palibe ana aakazi a mfumu omwe anali okonzeka kukwatira, ndipo atatu mwa ana ake (Fedor, Ivan ndi Peter I) kenako adapitanso ku mpando wachifumu wa Russia. Mu 1676, patatsala pang'ono 47, Alexei Romanov anamwalira. Ndondomeko ya kumudzi ndi yachikunja ya tsar inapitizidwa ndi ana ake, chifukwa dziko la Russia linakula kwambiri ndi lamphamvu.