Anthu achimwenye a ku Siberia. Anthu a ku Siberia ndi ku Far East. Anthu aang'ono ku Siberia

Malinga ndi ochita kafukufuku ochokera m'madera osiyanasiyana, anthu a ku Siberia omwe ankakhala m'derali ankakhala m'deralo m'nthaŵi ya Paleolithic. Ndi nthawi ino yomwe ikudziwika ndi chitukuko chachikulu cha kusaka ngati nsomba.

Lero, mafuko ambiri ndi mafuko a dera lino ndi ochepa ndipo chikhalidwe chawo chiri pafupi kutha. Kenaka, tidzayesa kudziŵa dera lomwelo la dziko lathuli monga anthu a ku Siberia. Zithunzi za oimira, zida za chinenero ndi kasamalidwe zidzaperekedwa m'nkhaniyi.

Kuphunzira mbali izi za moyo, tikuyesera kusonyeza mtundu wa anthu komanso, mwina, kudzutsa owerenga chidwi ndi maulendo ndi zosazolowereka.

Ethnogenesis

Mwachidziwikire kudera lonse la Siberia Mongoloid mtundu wa munthu ukuyimiridwa. Dziko lakwawo ndi Central Asia. Pambuyo pa kuyambira kwa chigwacho, anthu okhala ndi nkhope zotero adakhazikitsa deralo. Pa nthawi imeneyo kubereketsa ng'ombe sikunapangidwe kwakukulu, choncho kusaka kunakhala ntchito yaikulu ya anthu.

Ngati tiphunzira mapu a magulu a chinenero cha Siberia, tidzawona kuti iwo amaimiridwa ndi a Altaic ndi a Ural. Tungus, Chimongoli ndi zilankhulo za Turkic mbali imodzi - ndi mantha - Samoyed pa winayo.

Zochitika za chikhalidwe ndi zachuma

Anthu a ku Siberia ndi ku Far East asanayambe kudutsa dera lino ndi a Russia anali ndi moyo wofananamo. Choyamba, maukwati anali ofala. Zikondwerero zinali kusungidwa m'madera osiyana, anayesera kuti asatenge maukwati kunja kwa fuko.

Maphunziro adagawanika malinga ndi malo okhala. Ngati mitsempha yayikulu yamadzi yayandikira, nthawi zambiri asodzi amatha kukhala m'midzi, kumene ulimi unayamba. Ambiri mwa anthuwa anali kugwira ntchito yokhala ndi ziweto zokha, mwachitsanzo, kuswana kwa abulu kunali kofala kwambiri.

Nyama izi ndizoyenera kubala osati chifukwa cha nyama, kudzichepetsa kwa chakudya, komanso chifukwa cha zikopa zawo. Iwo ndi owonda kwambiri ndi ofunda, omwe amalola anthu otero kukhala, mwachitsanzo, Evenki, kukhala okwera bwino ndi asilikali mu zovala zabwino.

Pambuyo pobwera mfuti m'maderawa, njira ya moyo yasinthira kwambiri.

Mbali yauzimu ya Moyo

Anthu akale a ku Siberia adakalibe otsatira a shamanism. Ngakhale kwa zaka mazana ambiri iye adasintha, koma mphamvu zake sizinawonongeke. Mwachitsanzo, choyamba, poyamba anawonjezera miyambo ina, kenako amasintha mpaka ku Buddhism.

Ambiri mwa mafuko otsalawo anabatizidwanso m'nthawi ya pambuyo pa zaka za zana lachisanu ndi chitatu. Koma izi ndi zonse deta. Ngati mutayendayenda mumidzi ndi malo omwe anthu a ku Siberia amakhala, tidzawona chithunzi chosiyana. Ambiri amatsatira miyambo yakalekale ya makolo popanda nzeru, ena onse amakhulupirira zikhulupiriro zawo ndi chimodzi mwa zipembedzo zazikulu.

Makamaka mbali izi za moyo zimawonetsedwa pa maholide a dziko, pamene zikhumbo za zikhulupiriro zosiyana zimakumana nazo. Amagwirizanitsa ndikupanga mtundu wapadera wa chikhalidwe chenicheni cha fuko.

Tiye tikambirane zambiri za anthu a ku Siberia.

Aleuts

Amadzitcha okha Achimangani, ndipo oyandikana nawo (Eskimos) ndi Alaksak. Chiwerengero cha anthu osachepera makumi awiri ndi awiri, ambiri mwa iwo amakhala kumpoto kwa US ndi Canada.

Ochita kafukufuku amakhulupirira kuti Aleuts anapangidwa pafupifupi zaka zikwi zisanu zapitazo. Zoona, pali malingaliro awiri pa chiyambi chawo. Ena amawaona kuti ndi gulu lodziimira okha, ena amanena kuti ali osiyana ndi gulu la Eskimo.

Anthu awa asanadziwe Orthodoxy, omwe amatsatira awo masiku ano, Aleuts amati ndi osakaniza za shamanism ndi zamatsenga. Chovala chamanyazi chachikulu chinali mmawonekedwe a mbalame, ndipo mizimu ya zinthu zosiyana ndi zozizwitsa zimayimira masks a matabwa.

Lero amapembedza mulungu mmodzi, yemwe m'chinenero chawo amatchedwa Auggum ndipo akuyimira mokwanira zovomerezeka zonse za chikhristu.

M'dera la Russian Federation, monga tidzakambitsirana, anthu ambiri a ku Siberia amaimiridwa, koma amakhala m'mudzi umodzi wokha - mudzi wa Nikolskoye.

Itelmeny

Dzina lokha limachokera ku liwu lakuti "itenmen", lomwe limatanthauza "munthu amene amakhala pano", m'deralo, mwazinthu zina.

Mungathe kukumana nawo kumadera akumadzulo kwa chilumba cha Kamchatka ndi m'dera la Magadan. Chiwerengero chonse - anthu opitirira zikwi zitatu, powerengera ka 2002.

M'mawonekedwe, iwo ali pafupi ndi mtundu wa Pacific, komabe ali ndi mbali zoonekera za kumpoto kwa Mongoloids.

Chipembedzo choyambirira chinali chikoka ndi fetishism. Kuika maliro pakati pa Atelmen kunkachitika mogwirizana ndi mwambo wa "kuikidwa mmanda". Mfayo amaletsedwa mpaka kuwonongeka m'nyumbayo pamtengo kapena kuikidwa pa pulatifomu yapadera. Chikhalidwe chimenechi sichidzitamandira kokha anthu a ku Siberia cha Kum'maŵa, kale kalelo anali wamba ngakhale ku Caucasus ndi North America.

Nsomba yofala kwambiri ndiyo kusodza ndi kusaka nyama zakutchire, monga zisindikizo. Kuphatikizanso, kusonkhana kuli kofala.

Kamchadals

Sikuti anthu onse a ku Siberia ndi ku Far East ndi Aborigines, chitsanzo cha izi zikhoza kukhala za Kamchadals. Kwenikweni, izi sizitengera dziko laokha, koma chisakanizo cha anthu ochokera ku Russia omwe ali ndi mafuko.

Chilankhulo chawo ndi Chirasha ndi ziganizidwe za zilankhulo za m'deralo. Amagawidwa makamaka ku East Siberia. Izi zikuphatikizapo Kamchatka, Chukotka, Magadan, dera la Nyanja ya Okhotsk.

Poyang'anira chiwerengero cha anthu, chiwerengero chawo chimasinthasintha pakati pa anthu awiri ndi theka zikwi.

Momwemonso, a Kamchadals adawonekera pakati pa zaka khumi ndi zisanu ndi zitatu zokha. Panthawiyi, olamulira a ku Russia ndi amalonda adakhazikika kwambiri ndi anzawo, ena mwa iwo omwe ali ndi itelmenki ndi oimira Koryaks ndi Chuvans.

Motero, mbadwa za mgwirizanowu ndizo dzina la Kamchadals.

Koryaki

Tikayamba kulembetsa anthu a ku Siberia, Koryaks idzatenga malo otsiriza pa mndandandawu. Iwo amadziwika kwa ofufuza a Russia kuyambira m'zaka za zana lachisanu ndi chitatu.

Kwenikweni, uwu si fuko limodzi, koma mafuko angapo. Amadzitcha okha namylan kapena chavchuv. Poona kuchuluka kwa anthu, lero chiwerengero chawo chiri pafupi anthu zikwi zisanu ndi zinayi.

Kamchatka, Chukotka ndi Madera a Magadan - malo okhalamo oimira mafuko awa.

Ngati kugawa, kuchoka mu njira ya moyo, iwo akugawidwa m'mphepete mwa nyanja ndi tundra.

Yoyamba ndi nimylans. Amalankhula Chilankhulo cha Alutor ndipo amagwira nsomba zapamadzi - kusodza ndi kusaka kwa zisindikizo. Kereks ali pafupi nawo mwa chikhalidwe ndi moyo wawo. Anthu awa amadziwika ndi moyo wokhazikika.

Wachiŵiri - otchedwa nomads of chavchyv (abusa amphongo). Chilankhulo chawo ndi Koryak. Amakhala pa Penzhina Bay, ku Taygonos ndi m'madera oyandikana nawo.

Chikhalidwe chodziwika chomwe chimasiyanitsa Koryaks, monga anthu ena a ku Siberia, ndi yarangs. Izi ndizokhala ndi maofesi apangidwa ndi zikopa za nyama.

Muncie

Ngati tikulankhula za amwenye a ku Western Siberia, sitingathe kulemba banja lachilankhulo cha Ural-Yukagir . Amembala odabwitsa kwambiri a gulu lino ndi Mansi.

Dzina la anthu awa ndi "Zang'ono" kapena "Voguls". "Mansi" m'chinenero chawo amatanthauza "munthu."

Gulu ili linakhazikitsidwa chifukwa cha kufanana kwa mafuko a Ural ndi a Uganda mu nthawi ya Neolithic. Oyamba anali osaka nyama, omwe ankakhala osamalire. Chikhalidwe ichi cha chikhalidwe ndi chuma chikupitirira mpaka lero.

Oyamba oyambilira ndi oyandikana nawo azungu anali mu zaka khumi ndi chimodzi. Pa nthawiyi Mansi ankadziwana ndi Komi ndi Novgorod. Atalowa ku Russia, ndondomeko ya chikomyunizimu imalimbikitsidwa. Pofika kumapeto kwa zaka za zana la khumi ndi zisanu ndi ziwiri, akukankhira kumpoto -kummawa, ndipo m'zaka khumi ndi zisanu ndi zitatu zachisanu ndi chitatu amavomereza Chikhristu.

Lero pali ma phratries mwa anthu awa. Yoyamba imatchedwa Por, Bear imamuona kholo lake, ndipo Mzindawu ndi maziko ake. Wachiwiri amatchedwa Mos, yemwe anayambitsa mkaziyo ndi Kaltashch, ndipo ambiri mwazolembazo ndi za ugram.
Chinthu chodziwika ndikuti ndizokwatirana pakati pa mafilimu omwe amadziwika. Mwambo umenewu uli ndi anthu ena enieni a ku Western Siberia.

Nanais

Kalekale iwo amadziwika pansi pa dzina la golidi, ndipo mmodzi mwa oimira otchuka kwambiri a anthu awa - Dersu Uzala.

Poyang'anira zowerengera, pali zikwi zopitirira makumi awiri. Amakhala pamodzi ndi Amur m'dera la Russian Federation ndi China. Chilankhulochi ndi Nanaian. Chi Cyrillic chikugwiritsidwa ntchito ku gawo la Russia, ku China - chinenero chalembedwa.

Anthu awa a Siberia adadziwika chifukwa cha Khabarov, yemwe m'zaka za zana la khumi ndi zisanu ndi ziwiri mphambu khumi ndi zisanu ndi ziwiri anayang'ana dera lino. Asayansi ena amawaona iwo kuti ndi makolo a alimi omwe ali osungulumwa. Koma ambiri amakhulupirira kuti Nanais amangobwera kumeneku.

Mu 1860, chifukwa cha kugawidwa kwa malire pamtsinje wa Amur, oimira ambiri a anthu awa anali nzika zadzidzidzi m'mayiko awiri.

Nenets

Kuwerengera anthu a kumadzulo kwa Siberia, n'zosatheka kuti asiye ku Nenets. Mawu awa, monga maina ambiri a mafuko a magawo awa, amatanthauza "munthu". Poyang'ana chiwerengero cha anthu onse a ku Russia, anthu oposa 40,000 amakhala ku Taimyr kupita ku Kola Peninsula . Motero, zikutanthauza kuti Nenets ndi anthu akuluakulu a ku Siberia.

Amagawidwa m'magulu awiri. Yoyamba ndi yambiri, omwe amaimira ambiri, ndipo yachiwiri ndi nkhalango (pali ochepa chabe otsala). Mitundu ya mafuko amenewa ndi yosiyana kwambiri moti wina sangamvetsetse.

Mofanana ndi anthu onse a kumadzulo kwa Siberia, a Nenets amakhala ndi ma Mongoloids ndi a Caucasus. Ndipo pafupi ndi kum'maŵa, makhalidwe ochepa a ku Ulaya amakhalabe.

Maziko a chuma cha anthu awa ndi kubereketsa nyama zamphongo ndi nsomba zochepa kwambiri. Chakudya chachikulu chimakhala chimanga, koma chakudya chimadzaza ndi nyama yaiwisi ndi ng'ombe. Chifukwa cha mavitamini omwe ali m'magazi, Nenets alibe scurvy, koma zosowa zotere sizikugwirizana ndi alendo ndi alendo.

Chukchi

Ngati mumaganizira za mtundu wa anthu omwe amakhala mumzinda wa Siberia, ndipo muyandikire nkhaniyi kuchokera ku chikhalidwe cha anthu, tidzawona njira zingapo zothetsera. Mitundu ina inachokera ku Central Asia, ena ochokera kuzilumba zakumpoto ndi Alaska. Gawo laling'ono ndilo anthu okhalamo.

A Chukchi, kapena a luoravetlans, monga amadziyitanira okha, amawoneka ofanana ndi a Itelmans ndi Eskimos ndipo amakhala ndi nkhope, ngati anthu a ku America. Izi zimabweretsa lingaliro ponena za chiyambi chawo.

Ndi a Russia, iwo anakumana m'zaka za zana la sevente ndipo adagonjetsa nkhondo yamagazi kwa zaka zoposa zana. Chifukwa chake, iwo adakankhira pambali kwa Kolyma.

Nkhondo ya Anyu inakhala chinthu chofunika kwambiri cha malonda, kumene gulu la asilikali linasuntha pambuyo pa kugwa kwa ndende ya Anadyr. Malo osungira malowa anali ndi masikiti mazana ambiri a rubles.

Gulu la olemera la Chukchi - okalamba (abusa a ng'ombe) - anabweretsa zikopa zogulitsa kuno. Gawo lachiwiri la anthu ankatchedwa Ankalyn (obereketsa galu), adayendayenda kumpoto kwa Chukotka ndikupanga famu yophweka.

Eskimos

Dzina la anthu awa ndi Inuit, ndipo mawu akuti "Eskimo" amatanthauza "Wodya nsomba yaiwisi". Kotero iwo ankatchedwa oyandikana nawo mafuko awo - Amwenye Achimereka.

Ochita kafukufuku amasiyanitsa anthu awa mu mpikisano wapadera wa "Arctic". Iwo amasinthidwa kuti akhale ndi moyo m'dera lino ndipo amakhala m'mphepete mwa nyanja ya Arctic Ocean kuchokera ku Greenland mpaka ku Chukotka.

Poona kuchuluka kwa chiwerengero cha anthu mu 2002, pali anthu pafupifupi 2,000 ku Russia. Ambiri amakhala ku Canada ndi ku Alaska.

Chipembedzo cha Inuit ndi chiphunzitso chamatsenga, ndipo ma diamondi ndizopatulika zopatulika m'banja lililonse.

Kwa mafani a exotics, zidzakhala zosangalatsa kudziwa za igunaka. Ili ndi mbale yapadera yomwe imakhala yoopsa kwambiri kwa aliyense amene amadya kuyambira ali mwana. Ndipotu, nyama yowola ya nyerere yaphedwa kapena walrus (yomwe imasindikizidwa), yomwe kwa miyezi yambiri inkakhala yosindikizidwa ndi miyala.

Choncho, m'nkhaniyi tawerenga ena mwa anthu a ku Siberia. Kudziwa maina awo enieni, zizindikiro za zikhulupiriro, ulimi ndi chikhalidwe.