Chaka cha "Choonadi cha Russia". Malamulo a Malamulo a Yaroslav Anzeru

"Choonadi cha Russia" ndilo lamulo loyamba la malamulo ku Russia. Kwa m'badwo wamtsogolo, chikalata ichi chinali gwero lamtengo wapatali la chidziwitso chokhudza moyo masiku amenewo. Malamulo onse otsatirawa adakhazikitsidwa pamalingaliro awo a "Choonadi cha Russia".

Kodi "Choonadi cha Russia" chinafika bwanji?

Mwambo kwa ife mawu oti "choonadi" m'nthawi ya Yaroslav Wochenjera sanatanthauzenso choonadi chokha. Tanthauzo lake lalikulu mu nthawi imeneyo ndilo lamulo ndi chigwirizano. Ndichifukwa chake malamulo oyambirira ankatchedwa "Choonadi cha Russia" (chaka cha chilengedwe - 1016). Mpaka nthawi imeneyo, zolembedwa zonse zapamwamba zinali zochokera kumatsenga achikunja, ndipo kenako pa chipembedzo cha Tchalitchi cha Byzantine.

Malamulo a "Choonadi cha Russia" adayenera kuonekera chifukwa cha zifukwa zingapo. Choyamba, kuweruza ku Russia nthawi imeneyo kunali Agiriki ndi Asilavo a Kummwera. Iwo anali osadziwika bwino ndi miyambo ya Russia ku lawula. Chachiwiri, miyambo yakale ya ku Russia inali ndi malamulo a chikunja. Izi sizinagwirizane ndi makhalidwe atsopano okhudzana ndi mfundo zatsopano zachipembedzo. Choncho, kukhazikitsidwa kwa makhoti a tchalitchi kunayambitsa ndipo kukhazikitsidwa kwa Chikristu kukhala zifukwa zazikulu zomwe malamulo olembedwa adalengedwa. Ndicho chifukwa chake "Choonadi cha Russia" chinayambika popanda kutenga nawo mbali padera. Koma ulamuliro wa zipembedzo umakhala ngati wogwira ntchito yogwiritsa ntchito chikalata chodabwitsa ichi.

Malo omwe "Choonadi cha Russia" chinayamba kusindikizidwa ndi mikangano. Akatswiri ena amanena kuti anali ku Novgorod, ena amatsimikiza kuti zinachitika ku Kiev.

Chidule

Mwamwayi, "Russkaya Pravda", yomwe inaphatikizapo nkhani zowonetsera milandu yokhudza milandu, zamalonda, malamulo olowa, zidasintha. Ndipo phunziro loyambirira silinapitirire mpaka lero.

Chaka cha kulengedwa kwa "Choonadi cha Russia", malinga ndi akatswiri a mbiriyakale, 1016th. Ngakhale palibe amene angapereke zambiri zowonjezereka. Mpaka 1054, malamulo onse adasonkhanitsidwa m'buku limodzi pa Yaroslav Wanzeru. Ilo linali ndi nkhani zokhazikitsira malamulo zomwe zikukhudzana ndi nkhani zotsatirazi:

• Chilamulo;
• Ntchito ya khoti;
• Chikhalidwe cha nzika.

Makhalidwe a "Choonadi cha Russia"

Ngakhale kuti chaka cha chilengedwe cha "Choonadi cha Russia" - 1016-th, mpaka tsopano, imodzi mwa makope awo adatsika, omwe anakhalapo 1280. Imeneyi ndiko yakale kwambiri, yomwe imapezeka mpaka lero. Ndipo posindikizidwa, lemba loyamba linaonekera mu 1738 chifukwa cha mbiri yakale ya ku Russia V. N. Tatishchev.

"Choonadi cha Russia" chiri ndi njira zingapo zomwe mungasankhire:

• Zochepa;
• Chokwanira;
• Kuwombera.

Choyamba cha izi ndizokale kwambiri.

Muchidulechi muli zilemba 4. Ayika nkhani 43. Iwo amadzipereka ku miyambo ya boma ku Russia, kuphatikizapo miyambo yakale monga kubwezera kwazi. Komanso ku "Pravda" amalembedwa malamulo a kulipira ngongole, komanso zomwe akufuna kuti azilipiritsa. Pachifukwa ichi, chilangocho chinatsimikiziridwa malinga ndi chikhalidwe cha wolakwira. Chipepalachi chimasonyeza kuti palibe njira yosiyanitsira kukula kwa ndalama.

Mu chidziwitso chokwanira cha "Choonadi cha Russia", zomwe zili pafupi ndi nkhani 121, zili ndi malamulo a Yaroslav Wochenjera ndi Vladimir Monomakh. Njira imeneyi imatchedwa "Choonadi Chokwanira". Apa tawonetseratu kale kuti mafumu apamwamba amapatsidwa maudindo, omwe sitinganene za antchito. Nkhani zimaphatikizapo mgwirizano walamulo pakudziwa mwiniwake wa malo alionse, pamene amasamutsira ku cholowa ndi mapeto a malonda osiyanasiyana. M'mawu amenewa, zida za malamulo zinagwiritsidwanso ntchito ndi makhoti ndi tchalitchi kuti azitsutsa zigawenga.

"Chowonadi Chofupikitsidwa"

Ili ndilo laposachedwapa, lomwe linakhazikitsidwa kwathunthu pakati pa zaka za zana la 15. Ilo linalengedwa pa maziko a "Choonadi Chokwanira".

Sipadzakhalanso magwero oyambirira a malamulo, musakhale maziko a chilengedwe chake. Pankhaniyi, zowonjezera ndipo zakhala "Choonadi Chachidule" ndi "Choonadi Chokwanira".

Uphungu ndi Chilango

Grand Duke Yaroslav Wochenjera, pamodzi ndi ana ake, adakhazikitsa malamulo omwe ayenera kukhala nawo, adalamula chilango chonse chotheka pa milandu yosiyanasiyana.

Zachilendozo zinali kuti chizolowezicho chinathetsedwa pansi pa dzina la "blood feud". Zoona, izi sizinachitike mu chaka cha kulenga "Choonadi cha Russia", koma patapita kanthawi pang'ono. Pakuti kuphedwa kunayankhidwa ndi lamulo.

Pa nthawi imodzimodziyo, akalonga akulu ndi akalonga adalandira chilango choopsa kuposa anthu opanda "mtundu ndi fuko".

Pa milandu yambiri, ndalama zinkaperekedwa. Chifukwa cha zolakwa zazikulu, chilango chinali chachikulu. Banja likanakhoza kuthamangitsidwa limodzi ndi olakwa kuchokera ku chikhazikitso, ndipo nyumbayo inalandidwa. Zilangozi zinkagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga, kuba za akavalo.

Khotilo linagwirizanitsa kwambiri umboni wa mboni pakupanga chisankho. Iwo ndiye amatchedwa "mphekesera".

Chilembacho chinasiyanitsa kudzipha mwachangu kuchokera mwadzidzidzi. Ilo linasunga chilango cha imfa. Ndalama zinkaperekedwa m'zipembedzo zosiyanasiyana.

"Russian Pravda" adakhazikitsa lamulo la makhoti: malo omwe ayenera kuchitika, omwe amachitikira nawo, komwe adzakhala ndi zigawenga komanso momwe ayenera kuweruzidwa.

Tanthauzo la chikalata cha anthu

Chaka cha kulengedwa kwa "Russia Pravda" sichitha kutchedwa kuti mosaganizira. Zinkangowonjezeredwa. Komabe, mosasamala za izi, bukuli ndi lofunika kwambiri kwa olemba mbiri akuphunzira nthawi ya Yaroslav Wanzeru, komanso kwa mibadwo yotsatira. Ndiponsotu, ili ndi chidziwitso chochititsa chidwi kwambiri pa gawo loyamba la chitukuko cha Kievan Rus.

Mawu ambiri mulamulo lamakono ali ofanana kwambiri ndi chikalata choyamba chalamulo. Mwachitsanzo, "wachifwamba": mu "Choonadi cha Russia", wakuphayo amatchedwa "gunman", ndipo munthu amene anaphedwa pamwambowu amatchedwa "mutu".

Kuwonjezera apo, malamulo a "Choonadi cha Russia" amatipatsa ife lingaliro la moyo wa otsogolera ndi anthu wamba panthawiyo. Apa kupambana kwa chigamulo choyang'anira pa serve ndi antchito chikuwoneka bwino. Izi zinali zokondweretsa kwambiri pamutu wakuti nkhani za Choonadi cha Russia zinagwiritsidwa ntchito m'mabuku atsopano a malamulo mpaka zaka za m'ma 1500.

Cholinga chachikulu cha Pravda chinali Chilamulo cha Chilamulo cha Ivan III, chomwe chinaperekedwa mu 1497. Koma izi sizikutanthauza kuti anasintha chiyanjano chalamulo. M'malo mwake, zolemba zonse zaweruziro zinakhazikitsidwa pokhapokha pa "Choonadi cha Russia".