Russian steppe malo: mndandanda

Masiku ano, nthawi zambiri kuiwala za chikhalidwe ozungulira, kuyang'ana ndi zambiri chaka chilichonse. Kukula mzinda, motorways latsopano zimamangidwa, chimakankhira miyoyo zachilengedwe zokongola mitunda. Udindo wa kuteteza zomera zachilengedwe ndi zomera anayesetsa m'madera wapadera - nkhokwe. Mu dziko lathu, ife analenga oposa zana malo otetezedwa, nkhokwe chikhalidwe ndi tchire Russia zatenga kwambiri pa dongosolo lino.

Kodi kusungitsa?

Reserve ankaganiza gawo ena pafupi (kapena madzi), mwa amene kusungidwa onse zovuta chibadwidwe mtundu wathunthu ndi masoka.

Mbiri yakale amakhulupirira kuti zoyesayesa loyamba zoteteza chilengedwe akhala kumbuyo mu III m'ma BC, mu Sri Lanka. Kumeneko linasindikizidwa woyamba kwambiri mu dziko la chilamulo chitetezo cha zinyama. Mzinda woyamba ndi udindo kusamala anaonekera kwa zaka za m'ma XIII mu Ifriqiya, pamene mafumu Hafsid kuletsa kusaka pafupi ndi imodzi mwa nyanja ya.

Kuchokera kaonedwe ka malamulo chi Russian, boma Russian zachilengedwe nkhokwe - ndi wapadera mabungwe sayansi anakhazikitsa kusunga ndi kuphunzira njira zachilengedwe ndi machitidwe zachilengedwe.

Zolinga

Onse Russian kutetezedwa nkhokwe chikhalidwe anadziika okha ndi cholinga chofanana:

1. Kuteteza dziwe jini ya nyama ndi zomera.
2. Kuteteza zinthu zachilengedwe zachilengedwe okhulupirika.
3. Kusunga zosiyanasiyana zomera ndi nyama omwe.
4. Kukhazikitsa kafukufuku pompo-pompo.

m'mapaki yonse mu Russia, osati mu Russia, anamanga mfundo zofanana. Mu dongosolo awo akhoza kugawidwa m'zigawo zitatu:

• Thandizani pachimake;
• gawo lotetezedwa (SF) zone;
• kutetezedwa zone (kusintha pakati pa malo enieni ndi pafupi malo osatetezeka).

Ndipo nkhokwe yaikulu ya Russia ndi ang'ono ndi dongosolo amenewa. mabacteria atatu awa ndi khalidwe la nyumba ya udindo osiyana ndi kukula.

Mbiri ya nkhokwe Russian chikhalidwe

Pafupifupi onse nkhokwe Russian, ndiwo mayina mudzapeza m'nkhani ino, njira imodzi kapena wina, ndi mbiri yaitali cha chiyambi chake.

Woyamba woyendera nthambi ku Russia unakhazikitsidwa mu 1917. Iwo Barguzinsky malo mu Buryatia. Kenako mndandanda wa malo dziko la kutetezedwa ndi kudzadza okha. Chotero nkhokwe yaikulu ya Russia monga Astrakhan, ndi Caucasus ndi Ilmensky akhoza amati ndi akale kwambiri. Onse a iwo anaonekera mu 20s zaka mazana makumi awiri. Koma wamng'ono tinganene kuti malo "Utrish", amene anakhazikitsidwa mu 2010. Komanso, nthawi mpaka 2020 izo zakonzedwa kuti akonze zina 11 madera atsopano kutetezedwa Russia.

Nkhokwe ya Russia: mndandanda wa nkhokwe steppe

Monga wa 2014 boma latsopano la Russia pali 103 nkhokwe chikhalidwe. Iwo onse zatenga malo okwana makilomita lalikulu 340.000. Ichi ndi yaikulu m'dera kuti angayerekezedwe ndi dera la mayiko a ku Ulaya, monga Finland.

Wa nambala iyi, 11 nkhokwe chikhalidwe akhoza zimachitika steppe lapansi. Tikungotchula malo amenewa a Russia. List of akadandaule pansipa:

• Astrakhan,
• "Belogorye"
• Voroninsky,
• Voronezh,
• White-naped,
• East-Ural,
• "Galichya Mountain"
• Orenburg,
• Rostov,
• "Volga steppe"
• "Black Lapansi".

nkhokwe zonse Russian, mayina a amene zikalembedwa anatumizidwa ku Unduna wa Natural Resources ndi Environment. Awiri a iwo - ndi East-Urals ndi "Buthu Mountain" - phunziro mabungwe ena.

The chodabwitsa cha steppe Russian

Russian steppe - ndi wapadera ndi wapadera zachilengedwe. Russian nkhokwe steppe, ndi udzu zawo kuthengo ndipo opiringizidwa silvery nthenga udzu, amafanana manyenje ndi akavalo.

N'zochititsa chidwi lingaliro la kulenga m'madera amenewo anatetezera unachokera mu steppe lapansi. Apadera nthaka wasayansi ndi Katswiriyu Vasily Dokuchaev analankhula za zosowa zaka zana zapitazo. Komabe, ngakhale kusunga wakhala si inaliponso Russia mu zone steppe wa ku 90 ntchentche. Woyamba anali Orenburg steppe malo, umene bungwe kwambiri njira imene Alexander Alexandrovich Chibilova mu 1989.

Steppe malo "Orenburg"

Anaonekera mu May 1989, lero chimakwirira kudera la mahekitala pa 21 chikwi.

Steppe malo "Orenburgsky" zikuphatikizapo madera anayi osiyana:

• Talovskaya steppe
• Burtinskaya steppe
• Aytuarskaya steppe
• Aschisayskaya steppe (yaikulu m'dziko dera mahekitala 7,200).

Akuno munakwanisa kuona osati osafikiridwa steppe. Palinso ambiri zipilala pofukula m'ma VII-III BC. Izi n'chodabwitsa chikhalidwe Sarmatian.

Nyengo - youma ndi chokhala. Pachaka kutentha ndi madigiri 2.5 centigrade, ndi mvula pafupifupi pachaka negligibly kakang'ono - kuchokera 250 350 mm. Ndi mlingo wa wetting m'dera akhoza bwinobwino amati ndi theka chipululu.

Za malo zomera ndi osiyanasiyana: pali 14 mtundu wa bowa, mitundu 150 ndere, 8 mitundu Moss ndi mitundu 1.350 zomera mtima. No zochepa olemera ndi zinyama a m'derali: 48 mitundu ya nyama, 193 mitundu ya mbalame, mitundu 6 nsomba, mitundu 526 ya kafadala ndi mitundu 184 wa akangaude. gawo lawo wotanganidwa makamaka udzu sod steppe, m'mbali mwa mapiri inakhazikitsanso miyala steppe ndi saline dothi - chipululu maofesi ndi dera.

Mu malo pali pafupi awiri dazeni zomera kutchulidwa Red Book of Russia. nyama zambiri Russian malo "Orenburg" komanso ndi Red Book. Pakati pawo steppe njuchi, mwala mbalame curlew, Balaban, golide mphungu, steppe mphungu, bustard ndi stilt ndi European Beaver.

"Belogorye"

Russian nkhokwe steppe - ndi chuma chenicheni cha dziko lathu. Limodzi ndi malo chilengedwe "Belogorye" m'chigawo Belgorod, amene kunayamba 1924. Kenako anaitana "Forest wa Vorskla River," ndipo mu 1999 anali reorganized mu chitetezo atsopano a gawo pansi dzina pano.

Izi Malo otetezedwa ndi sayansi ndi chilengedwe maofesi maphunziro tanthauzo feduro. cholinga chake - kusunga ndi kuphunzira zambiri za kusintha kwa zinthu zachilengedwe ndi zochitika mu zone nkhalango-steppe, komanso kusamala mitundu payekha komanso m'madera a zomera, zinyama ndi zimadalirana wapadera kumwera kwa ku Central Russian zomwe zili.

Dera la Nature Reserve "Belogorye" zikuphatikizapo zigawo zisanu zosiyana, zomwe zili mu zigawo zitatu derali. Iwo ziwembu:

• Forest pa Vorskla,
• Izgorya khoma,
• Dazi Hills,
• Yamskaya steppe,
• Ostrasevy zigwembe.

Malo okwana "Belogoriya" ndi mahekitala 2131.

Mkati m'dera limeneli, asayansi Pali mitundu 149 zosiyanasiyana za mbalame, komanso za 370 mitundu ya zomera mtima. Zinyama ukufanizidwa ndi mitundu 50 ya nyama zakuthengo, mitundu 15 ya nsomba, mitundu ya nyama zokwawa, 6 ndi mitundu 9 nyama amphibious.

Reserve "Voroninsky"

nkhokwe Large Russia amakopeka ambiri alendo ndi naturalists. Mmodzi mwa anthu amenewo Voroninsky malo ili mu zone nkhalango Tambov dera. Izo analengedwa mu 1994 kuteteza machitidwe nkhalango steppe wa ku Russia. Malo okwana - mahekitala oposa 10,000, ndi kusunga chikhalidwe ili mkati makilomita 40 Khwangwala Valley Mtsinje.

Kapangidwe Voroninsky malo zikuphatikizapo masango awiri akuluakulu - nkhalango "Inzhavinskaya" ndi "Kirsanovsky" ndi khumi limasonyeza m'dera ang'onoang'ono.

Lingaliro la kulenga malo kusamala malo wokwatibwa ndi VP wina Semenov Tian-Shanskii kudziwika Russian madera. Mu zaka za m'ma makumi awiri, anapereka bungwe pano otchedwa "uromny Park" (uremia - wapadera kusefukira kumveka nkhalango). Ndi kuphunzira ndi kubwezeretsa nkhalango ili ndi ntchito yaikulu ya malo ano.

Komabe, zenizeni othandiza ntchito pa chitukuko cha malo lingaliro linayamba mu mochedwa 80 ntchentche wa XX atumwi. A chopereka kwambiri gulu la malo ali Voroninsky akatswiri Regional Museum ndi Tambov Pedagogical Institute.

Pakali pano, malo a zachitika maulendo alendo atatu: ". Otetezedwa njira" "Inzhavino-Barska Mountain", "Otetezedwa Nyanja" ndipo

Chimodzi mwa chidwi kwambiri Voroninsky malo ndi otchedwa dazi Mountain - kanthu ngati mpita wa Volga Uplands. Nyanga ali msinkhu wachibale wa 50 mamita. Ndipo ngakhale lero phiri ali ndi m'minda yokumba nkhalango, pamaso iye anali kwenikweni "dazi", choncho anapitiriza dzina lake. Mwa njira, kuti phiri ili ndi chizindikiro cha mudzi Inzhavino.

Wina kukopa kwa malo a - wapadera msondodzi yakhalapo pafupi ndi mudzi Semenovka. mbari - zaka zoposa 150. Komabe, si ichi chokha wotchuka msondodzi yakhalapo, chifukwa ankawakonda kamodzi wojambula wotchuka Mstislav Dobuzhinsky. Ndipo tsopano chithunzi kusungidwa pa Museum wa London. Mwatsoka, lero zotsala yekha izi Willow Grove - ambiri mitengo zinawonongedwa pankhondoyo, ndipo chifukwa cha ntchito woipitsitsawu mu 90s lapansi.

"Rostov"

Timasangalalanso ndi chidwi ndi ake nkhokwe kukongola steppe la Russia! Mu 1995, m'dera la Rostov la Rostov Reserve unakhazikitsidwa, ngakhale preconditions gulu lake linali ndi m'ma XIX. Ganizo kulenga pano steppe malo linasonyeza wasayansi Vasily Dokuchaev, amene anakhala nthawi yambiri ndiponso khama kuphunzira mitunda steppe m'deralo.

Rostov Reserve ali ndi kachirombo boma ndi utsogoleli yake. Iwo limapangidwa mbali zinayi osiyana, malo okwana mahekitala oposa 9.

Mkati m'dera limeneli, asayansi anayesedwa mitundu 410 ya zomera mtima - makamaka dzinthu, nyemba, Asteraceae ndi clove. Pano mukhoza kupeza mitundu 4 wa nandolo, mitundu yambiri ya nthenga udzu, ngamila minga. Kukula mu malo ndi mitundu kutchulidwa Red Book: ndi tulip Schrenk Iris nyenyezi yaing'ono, nthenga udzu ndi mitundu ina.

"Black Lapansi"

Nkhokwe lalikulu kugunda Russia ndi sikelo yake ndi dziko unspoilt a mitunda namwali. Mmodzi wa waukulu mu dziko ndi Biosphere Reserve ndi dzina zachilendo "Black Lapansi", imene zasungidwa madera lapadera Kalmyk steppe.

malo The unakhazikitsidwa mu June 1990. Ntchito yaikulu - kupulumutsa steppe ndi theka chipululu malo, komanso kuteteza anthu saiga. Malo okwana Malo otetezedwa - mahekitala oposa 120 zikwi. N'zochititsa chidwi kuti mu 1993 ndi "Black Land" analandira udindo wa biosphere malo ndi UNESCO.

zomera ndi malo a ankayimiridwa ngati mitundu steppe ndi m'chipululu cha zomera. Choncho, m'madera mchenga akhoza kukumana ngamila minga, udzu lyme, mchenga sagebrush. Mu chilumba cha m'nyanja Manichev-Gudilo ndi steppes ndi nthenga Lessing. Kukula pano ndi mitundu osowa zomera: cornflower Taliev ndi tulip Schrenk.

zomera ndi ankatsogoleranso ndi steppe ndi theka chipululu mitundu. Apa mphalapala mwachizolowezi, zazikulu opindika m'makona hedgehog, ang'ono njale, mbewa yoyenda modumpha. Opezeka "dziko wakuda" bandaging ndi polecat yowala. M'zaka zaposachedwapa, kuchuluka anthu nkhandwe mu malo a.

Nest m'dera limeneli ambiri waterfowl. Izi wosalankhula tsekwe, tsekwe, vuwo Dalmatian, bakha zakutchire, imvi bakha, pochard ndi ena. Kutetezedwa pano ndi steppe lililonse mitundu ya mbalame: bustard, lark, bustard pang'ono, steppe chiombankhanga khwangwala.

"Volga steppe"

"Volga steppe" - malo chikhalidwe m'dera Penza, womwenso 5 m'madera osiyana:

• Poperechenskaya steppe
• Ostrovtsovskaya steppe
• Kuncherovskaya steppe
• Pine Forest pa Kadadah,
• Verhnesursky nkhalango m'deralo.

Ndi ili mu zone steppe wa Middle Volga. malo The unakhazikitsidwa mu 1989 kuteteza steppes kumpoto ndi nkhalango. Limafotokoza lero malo mahekitala 8326. "Volga steppe" - si malo kusamala zachilengedwe. malo nazonso bwinobwino chinkhoswe mu sayansi, kufufuza, maphunziro ndi ntchito zosangalatsa. Komabe, cholinga chachikulu cha "Volga steppe" ndi chitetezo cha nyama ndi zomera, komanso owayimirira munthu ndi m'chilengedwe chonse.

Mu "Volga steppe" Pali 860 mitundu ya zomera mtima kuti tsiku (izi, ndi njira, 55% ya kapangidwe mitundu ya Penza dera zomera). Awa, 70 mitundu amafunika ankatetezedwa, ndipo ngakhale naini mitundu kutchulidwa Red Book of Russia. Izi mitundu inayi ya Stipa (nthenga udzu, wokongola, opushennolistny ndi nthenga Zaleski), Fritillaria Russian Iris leafless, Cephalanthera rubra, epipogium leafless ndi neottianta cucullata. 58 mitundu ya zomera za malo nazonso m'gulu la Red Book za kuthengo.

Chinthu chidwi ndi paini Mountain pa Kadadah, kapena otchedwa "Borok", pafupi ndi mudzi wa Shatkino. Chiwembu malo a m'nkhalango ya paini pa magombe a mtsinje Kadadah - pafupifupi 400 mahekitala. Boron ndi zovuta za m'minda yokumba paini ndi nkhalango thundu. Ambiri a dera wotanganidwa ndi chinthu ndi alder zithaphwi.

Nkhaniyi limafotokoza wotchuka nkhokwe Russian. Photos mbali izi zazikulu za dziko lathu akhoza kupezeka pano. Mu dziko lathu, ife analenga oposa zana malo otetezedwa, zomwe cholinga chake ndi kuteteza chilengedwe ozungulira, kuteteza malo achilengedwe, kubwezeretsa ndi kuteteza mitundu ina nyama ndi zomera. Komanso, malo otetezedwa ndi kuchita maphunziro ndi maphunziro ambiri ntchito ndi chodzala anthu Russia kukonda chikhalidwe. Ambiri nkhokwe nawonso ali wamkulu bongo ndi alendo osiyanasiyana, ndipo ena mwa iwo amayesera kugwiritsa izo mwa kukulitsa maulendo wapadera alendo ndi kudutsa zachilengedwe.