Mbiri ya Archimedes. Zowoneka bwino za Archimedes

Wasayansi wakale wa Chigiriki Archimedes anali katswiri, masamu, wokonza mapangidwe, injiniya, fizikikino, nyenyezi ndi makina. Anakhazikitsa malangizo monga masamu physics. Wofusayo anapezanso njira zopezera mabuku, malo ndi malo a matupi osiyanasiyana ndi ziwerengero, kuyembekezera kuwerengera kwakukulu. Iye ndi amene analemba zinthu zambiri. Dzina la sayansi likugwirizana ndi kuphulika kwa malamulo okhudzidwa, kutchulidwa kwa mawu akuti "pakati pa mphamvu yokoka" ndi kufufuza m'madera a hydrostatics. Aroma atagonjetsa Syracuse, bungwe la zomangamanga za mzindawo linasankhidwa ndi Archimedes.

Nthaŵi zamakono apamwamba zamakono ndi zasayansi, timakonda kuwona kuti zomwe tapindula ndizochibadwa, ndikuiwala kuti maziko a chidziwitso chopezekapo adayikidwa ndi asayansi akale. Iwo anali apainiya. Ndipo Archimedes wa ku Syracuse anali wochenjera kwambiri. Pambuyo pake, adatsimikizira mfundo zake zambiri pakuchita. Anthu athu masiku ano amagwiritsa ntchito bwino ntchito yawo, ngakhale kuti sakudziwa yemwe anali wolemba wawo. Mbiri ya Archimedes inadza masiku athu okha ndi nthano ndi kukumbukira. Tikukupemphani kuti muwerenge.

Ubwana ndi kuphunzira

Archimedes, yemwe mbiri yake yaifupi idzafotokozedwa pansipa, anabadwira mumzinda wa Syracuse pafupi ndi 287 BC. E. Ubwana wake unali panthaŵi imene Mfumu Pyrrus inkachita nkhondo ndi a Carthage ndi Aroma, kuyesera kupanga dziko lachigiriki la njira yatsopano. Mwapadera makamaka pa nkhondoyi, Hieron - wachibale wa Archimedes, yemwe kenako anakhala wolamulira wa ku Syracuse. Phidias (bambo wa mnyamatayo) anali chiwerengero cha Hiero. Izi zinamupangitsa kupereka Archimedes maphunziro abwino. Koma mnyamatayo analibe chidziwitso, ndipo anapita ku Alexandria, yomwe inali nthawi yomweyo sayansi. Apa Ptolemies, olamulira a ku Igupto, anasonkhanitsa akatswiri abwino Achigiriki ndi oganiza za nthawiyo. Komanso ku Alexandria kunali laibulale yaikulu padziko lonse, kumene Archimedes kwa nthawi yaitali ankaphunzira masamu ndi ntchito za Eudoxus, Democritus, ndi zina zotero. M'zaka zimenezo, wofufuzira wamtsogolo adayamba kucheza ndi katswiri wa zakuthambo Konon, geographer ndi masamu Eratosthenes. Kenaka ankakhala nawo makalata ambiri.

Ntchito yoyamba

Ataphunzira Archimedes, yemwe asayansi onse amadziwa mbiri yake, adabwerera ku Syracuse ndipo adalandira malo a Phidias - katswiri wa zakuthambo. Chifukwa cha Hieron mumzinda, nthawi yamtendere yafika. Kuti achoke ku First Punic War, adawalipira Roma ndalama zambiri. Mu "Mbiri Yakale" Polybius adamufotokozera motere: "Hieron adayamba kulamulira, alibe ulemerero, ngakhale chuma, kapena mphatso zowonongeka. Iye sanakwiyitse aliyense, sanathamangitse, sanaphe, koma analamulira zaka 54 ... "Komabe, Hieron, monga olowa m'malo mwake, adalimbikitsanso kulimbikitsa mzindawo, kukonzekera mikangano yothetsera nkhondo.

Scientific ntchito

Udindo wa katswiri wa zakuthambo sunali wolemetsa, ndipo Archimedes amatha kuchita zinthu zina. Zopeka, kufufuza kwake kunali kochuluka. Ntchito yoyamba ya Archimedes inali yopangira makina. Anadalira pa izo ndi ntchito ina ya masamu. Mwachitsanzo, wofufuzirayu anagwiritsa ntchito mfundo yoyenera kuti athetse mavuto angapo ozungulira. Iye anafotokoza ziganizo za masamu m'nkhani yake "Pa Kufanana kwa Mitundu Yambiri." Ntchito iyi ya asayansi inakhala mwala wapangodya wa "quadrature" (integral calculus), yomwe idzapezeka mu 2000. Ndipo m'nkhaniyi "Poyerekeza bwaloli," wofufuzirayo anawerenga chiŵerengero cha kukula kwa bwalolo mpaka kutalika kwake, kapena, mwa kuyankhula kwina, nambala Pi (3.14). Kuwonjezera apo, aliyense akugwiritsabe ntchito kutchula dongosolo la integers lomwe iye anapanga.

Zochita za sayansi

Mbiri ya Archimedes imalongosola zochitika zake ziwiri zofunikira kwambiri za sayansi: chiphunzitso cha pakati pa mphamvu yokoka ndi kukhazikitsidwa kwa mfundo yakukhudzidwa. Anayikanso maziko a hydrostatics. Zaka za m'ma 1800 ndi zaka zoyambirira za m'ma 1700, malingaliro amenewa anapangidwa ndi Pascal, Galileo, Stevin ndi asayansi ena omwe anagwiritsa ntchito lamulo la Archimedes, lomwe adalongosola pa ntchito "Pa matupi oyandama". Ntchito imeneyi inali yoyesedwa kuyesa kuchita chidziwitso chofunikira pa kapangidwe ka nkhani pogwiritsa ntchito chitsanzo. Archimedes sanangosonyeza mfundo zazikulu zingapo za maonekedwe a ma atomu a madzi, komanso anatsimikizira malingaliro angapo a chiwonetsero cha Demokorasi. Mu ntchitoyi, katswiri wa sayansi wa wofufuzirayo adadziwonetsera yekha ndi mphamvu. Zotsatira zomwe adapeza zikanatsimikiziridwa muzaka za zana la 19.

Maphunziro ena

Malingana ndi biography ya Archimedes, kuphatikizapo makina, physics ndi masamu, iye ankagwira ntchito zamagetsi ndi zamagetsi. Ndiponso, wasayansi anachita zowonjezera zowonjezera zowonongeka kwa kuwala. Pali malipoti ambiri omwe Archimedes analemba ntchito yaikulu - "Catoptrika", koma, mwatsoka, siinatifikire. Pogwiritsa ntchito ziganizo zomwe zidapulumuka, tingaganize kuti wofufuzayo adadziwa za kuwonongeka kwa magetsi a concave, kuyesedwa kowonongeka kwa madzi ndi mlengalenga, komanso anali ndi malingaliro a zojambula muzithunzi za concave, convex ndi glass flat. Kuwonjezera pa ziganizo, katswiri wina yekhayo anapulumuka, kutsimikizira kuti pamene mtanda wochokera pagalasi umasonyezedwa kuchokera pagalasi, mbali ya chigwirizano ndi yofanana ndi mbali ya chiwonetsero.

Chitetezo cha Syracuse

Zomwe akatswiri a Archimedes anapeza pazinthu zamakono zinamupangitsa kukhala wotchuka kwambiri, umene unadutsa malire osati maiko okha komanso mazana ambiri. Kuwala kwakukulu katswiri wake wamakono akudziwonetsera yekha mu 214 BC. E. Pa kuzungulira abale ake ku Syracuse. Archimedes wasintha zaka khumi ndi zisanu ndi ziwirizo. Umenewu unali umodzi mwa kupambana kwakukulu mu moyo wa wasayansi. Pano iye adadziwonetsera osati osati kokha ngati wojambula, koma komanso wokhala womangamanga wapadera. Aliyense amadziwa kuti nyumba zakale zinali ndi makoma olimba. Archimedes anawongolera m'makutu ndi ziboliboli, zomwe zinapangidwira nkhondo yapakati ndi yochepa. Analengedwa mu nthawi yamtendere amamenyana ndi magalimoto omwe amaloledwa kuteteza Syracuse ku nkhondo ya Aroma kwa zaka zitatu.

Zaka zaposachedwa

Monga mukuonera, moyo wa sayansi wa Archimedes unali wowala komanso wolemera. M'zaka zaposachedwapa, adagwira nawo ntchito zamakono ndi zakuthambo. Titus Livius (wolemba Chiroma) anamutcha iye "wokhayokhayo amene amamuwona nyenyezi ndi mlengalenga." Ndipo ngakhale kuti palibe ntchito zakuthambo za Archimedes zatifikira ife, wina sangakayikire zenizeni za khalidweli. Ntchito yokhudza ntchitoyi ikuwonetsedwa ndi nkhani ya zakuthambo zakulengedwa, ndi ntchito ya "Psammit", kumene wasayansi amayesa kuwerengera mchenga wa mchenga ku Mlengalenga.

M'malemba a wofufuzira pali mphindi yomwe ingakhalepo ndi gulu la "kupezeka kwa Archimedes." Wasayansi anali woyamba mu mbiri ya sayansi kuti azifanizitsa machitidwe awiri a dziko - zam'mlengalenga ndi zinyama. Archimedes analemba kuti: "Ambiri a zakuthambo amakhulupirira kuti dziko lapansi ndi mpira, lokhala pakati pa malo a Dziko ndi Dzuwa." Kotero, iye ankadziwa kukula kwa dziko ndipo anazindikira kuti izo zinali zomalizira. Izi zinapangitsa wofufuzayo kutsiriza mawerengedwe ake mpaka kumapeto.

Kutsiliza

Izi zimathetsa biography ya Archimedes. Iye anawonekera patsogolo pathu ngati injiniya, wofufuzira, katswiri wa sayansi ndi popularizer wa sayansi. Kuphatikiza kulingalira kogwirizana ndi luso la masamu ndi luso la bungwe kunali panthaŵi yomweyo. M'mbiri ya sayansi Archimedes inakhala chitsanzo chowonekera cha wofufuza yemwe anatha kuphatikiza chiphunzitso ndikuchita mogwirizana. Mosakayikira, iye ndi wasayansi wabwino kwambiri, omwe ndi kofunikira kuti atenge chitsanzo kwa mibadwo ina ya ofufuza. Mathematical physics yopemphedwa ndi Archimedes sankasamalidwa kwambiri ndi mbadwa zake kapena akatswiri a Middle Ages. Ngati tilankhula za akatswiri ofufuza kale, Archimedes anali mmodzi mwa iwo omwe anali ngwazi. M'zaka za m'ma 1600 ndi 1700 za masamu a ku Ulaya adatha kuzindikira kufunika kwake ndi kufunikira kwa zopereka zake za sayansi. Kuyambira apo, wasayansi wakale wa Chigiriki ali ndi otsatira ambiri-okonda, owotchedwa ndi chikhumbo chotsimikizira zokhumba zawo ndi zopindulitsa za konkire. Ndipo tsopano, pokumbukira luso limeneli, asayansi omwe anapeza kuti akubwereza mofuula womwewo monga Archimedes: "Eureka! Ndinazipeza. "