Aitiopiya zilembo. Aitiopiya Abugida. N'chifukwa chiyani zilembo Aitiopiya ndi ofanana Chiameniya

zilembo Aitiopiya - kulemba dongosolo kulemba mabuku ndi zampingo chinenero Ge'ez, pamodzi ndi Chiamuhariki, Tigre ndi Chitigirinya ntchito Ethiopia (Abyssinia), ndipo Eritrea. Zikuoneka kuti panali ku South Ayuda Sabaean kulemba pa chiyambi cha IV lapansi. Komabe, ofufuza maganizo pamene zilembo Aitiopiya analengedwa, mogwirizana. Komanso sakudziwika ngati izi chifukwa cha zamoyo mwapang'onopang'ono kulemba kapena ngati iyo inali nthano zongopeka munthu. Lero, amaganiza kuti makalata zayambika pang'onopang'ono, ndi mavawelo ndizo zotsatira za ntchito ya wolemba wina. Anasunga zolemba IV atumwi. m'chilankhulo cha Ge'ez, lolembedwa ndi Sabian ndi mitundu ya kalata ku Aitiopiya.

Abugida tichipeza zilembo 26, zomwe ndi zilembo. Mu chikhalidwe ichi zikuluzikulu izo zikhoza kusinthidwa n'kukhala syllabic powonjezera vocalizations ziwalo. 24 anachokera ku zilembo 28 za alifabeti ndi Kuwonjezera graphemes Sabaean udindo kuwomba "tsa", amene sanali mu gwero. zilembo kungapezeke, monga kuyenera kwa Sabaean ndi zina zinenero Ayuda - kuchokera kumanzere kupita kumanja. Mwina chifukwa cha chikoka Greek.

view zina

Mbiri olembedwa a Ge'ez si mophweka kutsatira, monga Latin. Akatswiri a mbiri yakale anakana kuti anthu a Africa ndiAmene choyambirira cha chikhalidwe, lomwe linatukuka anapulumuka kwa zaka wapadera ake. Iwo sakanakhoza kuzimvetsa izo, osagonja tsankho si timalembanso njira zake. Nkhani wamba kafukufuku Ge'ez machitidwe ndi T. N. kunja mawonedwe. Maganizo amenewa kuti sillabary amayenera kubwera kuchokera kwina kwake, makamaka wakale Arabiya. Izi zidzapangitsa gwero si "wakuda" Africa, koma Middle East Asia, mwakutero kutsimikizira chikhulupiriro kusankhana mitundu akuda sanathe kukhala ndi mabuku ndi chikhalidwe pa nthawi imene bwino ku Foinike anali tangoyamba. Ngakhale lero, izi amanena Eurocentric udindo Ge'ez gulu Ayuda, osati zinenero African. Kusankhana mitundu, amene amayesetsa kufufuza magwero a mabuku ku Aitiopiya, zimaoneka ngakhale mu mbiriyakale aposachedwapa a sayansi. Mwachitsanzo, Silviya Pankherst m'buku lakuti "Ethiopia: Mbiri ya chikhalidwe" amanena kuti South Arabia osamuka anatenga chidziwitso cha ntchito zitsulo, tillage, nkhosa, akavalo, ngamila, zothandiza zomera, chida bwino, monga lalikulu wakuthwa mkondo, ndipo mwina chikopa chonse kutchinjiriza kuti ankhondo kumeneko mpaka posachedwapa. Iwo anathandiza kuti ntchito yomanga nyumba mwala, kubweretsa izo masitaelo a kamangidwe ndi njira yomanga, luso kulemba ndi wokongola zilembo ku Aitiopiya. Pakuti patsogolo chitukuko Aitiopiya wa luso lofunika kwambiri limene atsamunda Arab anabweretsa, iye anali kulemba.

Zikuoneka kuti geez dongosolo wapeza magwero ake okha basi hieroglyphics Aigupto, komanso zida zoimbira Latin, ziribe kanthu momwe lakutali zingaoneke. Maganizo oti kulemba ngati umakhala pafupi Ancient Egypt anali woyamba kupita pa ulendo wautali kum'mawa ku South Arabia, ndipo kenako kupita ku Ethiopia kukhala mu mawonekedwe chikutha, malinga ndi otsutsa a chiphunzitso ofala zikuoneka kwambiri nkhambakamwa chabe. Choncho, iwo amakhulupirira palibe chifukwa chokhulupirira kuti amalonda Mwiguputo, alembi, ndi chotero, dongosolo la hieroglyphs si kufalitsa wogawana kudutsa bolodi.

zikuchokera Abugida

Ge'ez zilembo tichipeza zilembo 182. M'pomveka kunena kuti graphemes zonse zoyambirira 26, zomwe ndi zilembo, ndi zina popangidwa ndi zikwapu zina ndi zosintha anapangidwa kwa akalumikidzidwa lenileni kuti uzipereke za mawu kulira, kapena kusintha consonant zofunika. Mu Geez zazikulu ndiponso makalata lowercase si wolemekezeka, monga izo zinachitika mu zilembo Latin m'zaka VII. No ligatures kapena modifiers ena (monga G ndipo g), komanso zopumira pang'ono kwambiri. Choncho, mafanizo bwino kwambiri zazikulu (a), choncho m'munsi (A), ndiponso makalata ndi zizindikiro ka (a) zilembo Latin kuonedwa kuti graphemes osiyana monga kalata iliyonse, umene mwina nawo ena zopumira (s). Koma ngakhale izi sillabary mlandu geez zambiri.

amagwiritsidwa ntchito mwanjira Geez

zilembo Aitiopiya si njira chifaniziro zithunzi mawu ndi phokoso. Zikuyenera 5 katundu yakuti: pictographic, ideographic, Astrographic, manambala ndi sillabograficheskim. Abugida komanso zothandiza kupendanso kalata wonse. katundu amati ganizo la makono a akulemba yopapatiza ndipo okha nzeru zaumunthu, zamulungu, zinenero zakale mbali.

pictograms

Geez zithunzi mbali limanena kuti sillabary amachokera mafano kukopedwa kapena kukopera kwa chilengedwe ndi mogwirizana anthu ndi izo. Lachitsanzo zoyambirira za dongosolo pictographic ndi gwero la zilembo Latin ndi Mwitiyopiya ndi hieroglyphs Iguputo. Geez - ndi abstracted mophiphiritsa. Chitsanzo chithunzi ndi kalata yachiwiri በ (Ba), mu uliwonse (nyumba), zomwe ndi khomo stylized. Pictographic mchitidwe kumaoneka komanso m'kalata ሀ (ha), woyamba mu "Mkango" mawu, zilembo ndi chilengedwe chonse.

malingaliro

geez Ideography chachiwiri chuma zikutanthauza kuti zilembo akuimira maganizo, mfundo nzeru zaumunthu, ndi kuti chikhalidwe. Aliyense khalidwe yaikulu options 7, ikuimira za mawu phokoso motere. Lililonse kalasi amagwirizana ndi zinthu zosiyana maganizo. Mwachitsanzo, kalasi chimodzi ረ (RA) ali Re'es osiyanasiyana (mtsogoleri, bwana kapena bwana). Mawu zokhudzana sitandade chimodzi, monga ulamuliro, a utsogoleri boma, monga choncho Re'esa Mange'st (mutu wa boma).

kalendala

Astrography kapena mapu nyenyezi choncho, kalendala ndi khalidwe lachitatu Geez. dongosolo A ongokhala makalasi 26 7 mitundu yace ambirife 182 syllabic m'nkhaniyi. Ichi ndi chiwerengero theka la 364, limene liri theka kapena chiwerengero cha masiku pakati pa March lapansi. Kalendala ku Aitiopiya miyezi zonse zigwirizana wa masiku 30, kupatulapo kwa mwezi zina, masiku asanu kapena asanu ndi limodzi. Theka chaka akuyamba pa 1 April 1 October. Aliyense wa zilembo 182 tsiku limodzi. An tsiku lowonjezera kalendala kumadzulo akhoza zimachitika zolakwika pakati pa chaka dzuwa equinoctial. 7 Kusiyana kwa aliyense kalasi masiku 7 ndi sabata, kuyambira ndi Ge'ez (Sunday) ndi kutha Shabat (Saturday).

manambala

Aliyense kalata ya zilembo limafanana ndi mtengo n'zosangalatsa kumva kuyambira 1 mpaka 5600. Iwo zizindikiro Aitiopiya lachinsinsi esoteric dongosolo. Mfundo n'zosangalatsa kumva za graphite, ndi mawu a Old Testament kuthandiza kumasulira kwake ndi kupereka zolembera mnemonic kwa retelling m'kamwa. Mwachitsanzo, dzina Abraham lolingana mtengo n'zosangalatsa kumva 60. (40 + 9 + 6 + 1 + 4), zomwe pamene anagawa ndi nambala ya zizindikiro (5) chifukwa cha kupanga chiwerengero 12, lolingana ndi chiwerengero cha nyumba Israel.

N'chifukwa chiyani zilembo Aitiopiya ndi ofanana Chiameniya?

Ngakhale zolembedwazi linguistically kutali, iwo ndi zoonekeratu thupi chofanana, ndipo ngakhale zambiri makalata chimodzimodzi. Mayiko ndi zinenero zawo zayambika payekhapayekha mzake, ankasiyana mtunda wa pafupifupi 3.5 zikwi. Km cha dziko ndi nyanja. Anthu ambiri amakhulupirira kuti kulemba Geez, wotchedwa Fidel, anaonekera kale kwambiri kuposa panopa Chiameniya, ndipo pali maganizo osiyanasiyana okhudza ubale pakati pawo. Chimodzi mwa ziphunzitso wotchuka zachokera kale Mkhristu m'mayiko amenewa: Armenia mwalamulo anadzakhala mtundu woyamba kwambiri Mkhristu mu 301 AD. e, ndi Abyssinia -. wachiwiri 316

Padziko 406 a ntchito kupanga alifabeti watsopano chinaperekedwa kwa St. Mesrop Mashtots Great Armenia. Anthu a mayiko anafuna ubwenzi wotuluka limati ozungulira ndi zipembedzo zimene anayesa kuwagonjetsa. Akukhulupirira kuti Mesrop kukumana Akhristu ku Aitiopiya panjira yopita ku Yerusalemu, ndipo anawapangitsa iwo limodzi mwa mavesi achipembedzo. Ngati iye anali ndi Baibulo la chinenero Ge'ez, ndi N'kuthekanso kuti anabwereka ena zizindikiro kumaliza zilembo wake yosatha. Armenia ndi Abyssinia anali States amene anakumana ndi vuto lomwelo - kwa zaka zambiri anali ndi mayiko achikhristu yekha m'madera wawo ndiponso thandizo la mabuku yemweyo wachipembedzo.

The UCLA Library ali ndi kusonkhanitsa mipukutu Chiameniya za m'ma XIV. Kuphatikizapo uthenga GLADZOR. Iwo ali zonse tsamba ankapenta, molemera chokongoletsedwa ndi kalendala, zokongoletsera zosamvetsetseka ndi zithunzi za oyera m'gulu lemba chachikulu. Ambiri m'mipukutu Aitiopiya olembedwa ndi chokongoletsedwa amphamvu kwambiri, mizere thicker ndi evince dzanja chithunzicho ndi mlembi amene anawalenga. lemba agawidwa m'madera kale olembedwa mu inki ofiira ndi wakuda, zokongoletsa zambiri anaphedwa zachilengedwe mitundu. chithumwa awo lagona ena mlingo wa tactility ndi informality.

Keyala pakati pa zikhalidwe ziwiri

anthu Chiameniya ndi Aitiopiya ogwirizana ndi mbiri yaitali ya ubwenzi, koma anayamba patapita nthawi yaitali kuposa analemba zinalengedwa. Zitsanzo ziwiri aime. Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma XVI. Chiameniya wamalonda analowa utumiki pa bwalo la mfumukazi ku Aitiopiya. Iye anakhala kazembe woyamba Abyssinia ku Portugal. Zinthu zovuta ndi chakuti Chipwitikizi sanakhulupirire kuti anali Chiameniya, n'zoona zoona, akunenayo amene kukhala, ndipo ngakhale zovuta pamene iye atabwerera. Mlandu wina zinangochitika mu 1920s oyambirira. Pambuyo Chiameniya kupululutsa Korona Prince la Ethiopia, Ras Tafari anakumana ku Yerusalemu 40 amasiye ku Armenia. Iye anali chidwi ndi iwo onse anatengera ndipo anatenga kwawo. Anawapatsa maphunziro nyimbo, ndipo ana 40 Chiameniya anapanga koyamba boma boma gulu la oimba a dziko lino. Pamodzi iwo analenga Imperial Aitiopiya Nyimbo yafuko, amene sichinasinthe mpaka 1974.

Africa chizindikiro

Aitiopiya Abugida zosiyana dongosolo alifabeti mu mogwirizana ake ndi chinenero. Ngakhale bwino kuphunzira zambiri za khalidwe, tingati iwo atsogolere kalembedwe lapansi. Kusangalala syllabary kulola zolakwa ochepa, chifukwa mawu kumveka ngati kulemba phonetic polemba malinga ndi zenizeni zake ndi mosemphanitsa. Ndipotu, Abugida amatilola kulemba mawu m'chinenero chilichonse. African Ge'ez ndi chimodzi mwa zilankhulo wamkulu olembedwa mu dziko. Patsalanso zikutsatiridwa kwa zaka 2000, pangano kuti kusinthasintha ake ndi njira nzeru yokonza phokoso. Kulemba - osati galamala amafotokozera, komanso njira agwera mu dziko lakale la Africa, nzeru zake ndi dongosolo chikhulupiriro yekha anayamba anthu oyambirira.