Chimodzi mwa zinenero zazikulu za ku Africa. Chidziŵitso cha African

Chiwerengero cha anthu a ku Africa amagwiritsa ntchito zilankhulo za tsiku ndi tsiku kuposa zilankhulo mazana asanu ndi atatu, zomwe ziri zosiyana kwambiri ndi wina ndi mzake ndipo nthawi yomweyo zimakhala zofanana. Mayiko omwe ali otentha kwambiri padziko lapansi amagawidwa m'mabanja anayi: Afrasian, Niger-Congolese (omwe kale anali West Sudanese), Nilo Sahara ndi Bushman. Chimodzi mwa zinenero zazikulu za ku Africa chimatchedwa Chi Swahili. Kummawa kwa Africa, anthu 150 miliyoni amalankhula chinenerochi.

Banja la Afrasian

Maofesi a mafoni amadziwika ndi kusakhala kwa matanthwe, omwe amapezeka m'mazinenero ena omwe amalankhula. Ndifunikanso kuzindikira mafupipafupi omwe amatchulidwa mobwerezabwereza komanso magulu omvera omwe sagwiritsa ntchito m'zilankhulo zina.

Zokhudzana ndi zilembo zamagalama, kuti mawu ndi ziganizo za gululi zikhale zofanana ndi zomwe zimagwirizana ndi chiwerewere, ndizochita; Njira zosiyanasiyana zopangira maina ambiri (kubwezeretsa, kuyanjana ndi kusinthasintha kwa vowel m'mawu) ndi mawonekedwe omveka bwino (osasamala, okhumudwitsa, oganiza bwino ndi ena). Chilankhulo chilichonse cha African, chomwe chili mbali ya nthambi ya a Semiti ya banja la Afrasian, chimasiyanitsidwa ndi kukhalapo kwa mizu itatu.

Zosankha za gululi zafala pakati pa anthu a kumpoto kwa Africa. Amagonjetsanso gawo lakummawa kwa dziko lapansi, Ethiopia, Tanzania, Somalia ndi Middle East. Banja la Afrasian liri ndi nthambi zisanu: Aiguputo wakale, Kusi, Semiti, Berber ndi Tchad. Lamuloli ndi limodzi mwa zilankhulo zazikulu za ku Africa - Hausa.

Banja la Nilo-Sahara

Zilembedwe za gululi zimakhala zochepa popanda maphunziro apamwamba, ngakhale ena mwa iwo ali ndi magawo awiri a magalama. Chilankhulo cha chiyanjano cha banja la Nilo-Sahara chimaphatikizapo zilankhulo zomwe zili ndi machitidwe osasinthasintha. Nthawi zina dzina limagwiritsa ntchito njira yake.

Zigawo zofunika za gulu lino ndi mabanja a Shari-Nil ndi Sahara. Zomalizazi zikuphatikizapo mawu akuti kanuri (ogwiritsidwa ntchito mu ufumu wa Bornu), komanso daza ndi teda, omwe amalankhulidwa ndi anthu akumadera akummawa kwa Sahara.

Banja la Niger-Congolese

Chinthu chosiyana ndi chilankhulidwe cha chilankhulo cha zilankhulo za gulu ili ndizo mayina osankhidwa, omwe amafotokozedwa ndi zosiyana zosiyana ndi zambiri komanso zosiyana. Chilankhulo cha African, chochokera ku banja la Niger-Congolese, chiri ndi ziganizo ndi ziganizo zomwe zikugwirizana ndi mayina a m'kalasi omwe apatsidwa. Palinso zilankhulo za gulu lino, mosiyana ndi European, mmalo mwa magulu atatu (azimayi, amuna ndi apakati) ali ndi makalasi ambiri omwe amadziwika. Choncho nyama zimakhala m'kalasi imodzi, anthu ndi ena, ndipo, mwachitsanzo, mitengo - ku kalasi yachitatu. Pali magulu ena omwe alibe maziko a magawo a semantic.

Pafupifupi, banja la Niger-Congolese linagawidwa m'mabanja asanu ndi atatu. Awa ndiwo Atlantic, Mandingo, Kwa, Ijo, Voltaic, Eastern, Adamaua ndi Benue-Congo. Nthambi yomalizira ikuphatikizapo chinenero chogwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri komanso chadzidzidzi cha Chigabana.

Kusindikiza zinenero

Banja lopatsidwa chinenero (yemwe kale anali Bushman) analandira dzina lake chifukwa cha zolemba zapadera zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito monga consonants ndipo zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ku Africa yekha. Kutanthauzira kumveka kwa mawu awa ndi kosavuta: tsopano akutchedwa osati kupuma, chifukwa zimapangidwa popanda kugwiritsa ntchito mapapo, mothandizidwa ndi kuyamwa. Izi zikutanthauza kuti iwo amatsutsana ndi chidziwitso chopanda chidwi komanso chosokoneza.

Gawo loyamba la magulu atatu omwe banja la Bush linagawanika limatchedwa Khoisan. Zinenero zake zafala ku South Africa. Komanso, banja la Khoisan ligawanika kumpoto, kumwera ndi pakati. Zinenero zolumikiza zimalankhulidwa ndi a Hottentot ndi a Bushmen. Chigawo chachiwiri ndi chachitatu chimatchedwa Hatsa ndi sandave, m'zinenero zomwe chiwerengero cha anthu aku Tanzania chikuyankhula.

ChiSwahili - chinenero cha African

Dzina lachi Swahili - lomwe limachokera ku mawu achiarabu sawāhil ("coast"). Mu sayansi, chinenero chinalowa mochedwa kwambiri - mu theka lachiwiri la zaka za zana la khumi ndi chimodzi. Pa nthawi imeneyo, kufotokoza koyamba kwa maonekedwe a galamala kunawonekera. Pofika kumapeto kwa zaka zana lomwelo, mabuku omasuliridwa achi Swahili ndi mabuku ophunzirira analipo kale.

Masiku ano, chinenerochi chimaphunzitsidwa m'mayunivesiti akuluakulu ambiri ku UK, USA, Japan, Germany, France ndi mayiko ena. Ku Tanzania, komwe kuli maphunziro a Dar es Salaam, pali bungwe lomwe limaphunzira Chiswahili. Ntchito yake ikuphatikizapo kufalitsa magazini, yomwe ili ndi chikhalidwe, mabuku ndi zina zokhudza nkhaniyi. Chi Swahili chinalandira chikhalidwe cha chikhalidwe cha boma ku Tanzania, Uganda ndi Kenya.

Zolemba zamakono zimagwiritsa ntchito zilembo za Chilatini, zomwe zinayambika m'ma 50 m'ma 1900 ndi amishonale a ku Ulaya. M'zaka za zana la khumi, mmalo mwa chilembo cha Chilatini, panali kalata yakale yodzipha (arabica), mothandizidwa ndi epic yaikulu kwambiri ya zaka za m'ma 1900 - The Book of Irakly. Zilembo zili ndi makalata 24, omwe mulibe X ndi Q , ndipo C amagwiritsidwa ntchito pamodzi.

Nyumba

Chikhalidwe cha chinenero chikusiyanitsa m'chinenero chilankhulo zitatu: chokwera, chochepa ndi chochepa. Kulingalira kuli ndi zigawo ziwiri za ma consonants: zopempherera ndi zosangalatsa. Zina mwa zizindikiro za zilankhulo za banja la Afrasian, choyamba conjugation ndi inflexion mkati amapezeka ku Hausa.

M'zaka za zana la 19, chiyankhulo cha Chiarabu chinagwiritsidwanso ntchito m'chinenerochi - azham. Kuyambira zaka za m'ma 30 zapitazo, zilembo, zochokera ku Chilatini, zagwiritsidwa ntchito. Ku Nigeria, miyambo yolankhulana ndizochokera pa chilankhulo cha cano. Ponena za Republic of Niger, palinsobe chinenero cholembedwa.

Nyumba ndi chilankhulo cha Afirika cha kulankhulana kwachisawawa, makamaka pakati pa Asilamu. Chiwerengero cha olankhula chinenerochi ndi anthu oposa 24 miliyoni, chifukwa chinakhala chachikulu kwambiri mu nthambi ya Chadian. Chilankhulo cha chi Africa cha Hausa chili kumpoto kwa Nigeria ndi Republic of Niger. Kusiyanitsa kwa chiyankhulidwe cha mayiko m'mayiko awiriwa ndi kalata imodzi yokha. Zomwe - choncho zinalembedwa ku Niger, ndipo zoterezi zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kumpoto kwa Nigeria.