Elizabeth Woyamba English: photo, biography, zaka za boma, mayi

Elizabeth I analamulira England mu 1558-1603. Chifukwa cha ndondomeko yowongoka yachilendo ndi yapakhomo, adapangitsa dziko lake kukhala mphamvu yaikulu ya ku Ulaya. Masiku a Elizabeti masiku ano akutchedwa kuti England.

Mwana wamkazi wa mkazi wosakondedwa

Mfumukazi Elizabeth Elizabeth Woyamba adadzabadwa pa September 7, 1533 ku Greenwich. Iye anali mwana wamkazi wa Henry VIII ndi mkazi wake Anne Boleyn. Mfumuyo idali ndi nkhawa kwambiri kuti ipeze mwana wamwamuna komanso woloŵa ufumu ku mpando wachifumu. Chifukwa cha ichi adasudzula mkazi wake woyamba, Catherine wa Aragon, yemwe sanaberekepo mnyamata. Popeza kuti mtsikana wina anabadwa, Henry anam'kwiyitsa kwambiri, ngakhale kuti sanafune kuti mwanayo asamamukondere.

Elizabeti ali ndi zaka ziwiri, amayi ake anaphedwa. Anna Boleyn anaimbidwa mlandu woukira boma. Khotilo linapeza kuti zonena za Mfumukazi zagulitsa mwamuna wake. Kenaka wofulumira Henry, adafuna kuchotsa mkazi wake, yemwe adakhala wolemetsa ndipo sadathe kubereka mwana. Kenako anakwatira kangapo. Popeza kuti maukwati awiri oyambirira anali osalongosoka, Elizabeth ndi mlongo wake wamkulu Maria (mwana wamkazi wa Catherine wa Aragon) anali apathengo.

Maphunziro a mtsikana

Ali kale ali mwana Elizabeti Woyamba adasonyezeratu luso lake lapadera lachilengedwe. Analidziwa bwino Chilatini, Chigiriki, Chiitaliya ndi Chifalansa. Ngakhale kuti mtsikanayo anali wophiphiritsira, adaphunzitsidwa ndi aphunzitsi apamwamba a Cambridge. Iwo anali anthu amasiku ano - akuthandizira Akatolika ndi otsutsa Chikatolika cha mafupa. Panthawiyi, Henry VIII, chifukwa cha kusagwirizana kwake ndi Papa, adafuna kukhazikitsa mpingo wodziimira. Elizabeti, yemwe anali ndi ufulu woganiza, kenaka anapitirizabe mfundoyi.

Anaphunzitsidwa pamodzi ndi Edward - mchimwene wake wamng'ono kuchokera ku banja la Henry. Anawo anakhala mabwenzi. Mu 1547 mfumu inamwalira. Malinga ndi chifuniro chake, Edward adalandira mpando wachifumu (adadziwika kuti Edward VI). Akafa, pokhapokha panalibe ana ake, akuluakulu a boma adayenera kupita kwa Maria ndi mbadwa zake. Mzere wotsatira anali Elizabeth. Koma chifunirocho chinakhala cholembedwa chofunikira komanso chifukwa chomwe bambo ake nthawi yoyamba asanafe anazindikira kuti ana ake aakazi ndi olondola.

Pambuyo pa imfa ya abambo ake

Catherine Parr atatha maliro a Henry adatumiza Elizabeth kuti azikhala ku Hertfordshire, kutali ndi London ndi nyumba yachifumu. Komabe, iye sanakhalenso moyo wautali, anamwalira mu 1548. Pasanapite nthawi yaitali Edward VI anafikitsa mlongo wake kumzinda waukuluwo. Elizabeti anadziphatika kwa mbale wake. Koma mu 1553 adafa mwadzidzidzi.

Kenaka kunabwera mavuto, monga momwe mchemwali wamkulu wa Elizabeth Maria adadza kulamulira. Iye, chifukwa cha amayi ake, anali Mkatolika, omwe olemekezeka a England sanawakonde. Kulimbana ndi Aprotestanti, kuponderezana kunayamba. Ambiri ndi aboma ambiri anayamba kuyang'ana Elizabeti ngati mfumukazi yoyenera, pomwe mavuto a chipembedzo adzathetsedwa.

Mu 1554 panali kuuka kwa Thomas Wyatt. Anakayikira kuti akufuna kutumiza korona kwa Elizabeti. Pamene mankhwalawa anachotsedwa, mtsikanayo anamangidwa mu Tower. Pambuyo pake anatumizidwa ku ukapolo mumzinda wa Woodstock. Maria anali wosakondedwa kwambiri pakati pa anthu chifukwa cha maganizo ake kwa ambiri a Chiprotestanti. Mu 1558, adamwalira ndi matenda, osasiya olandira. Elizabeth Woyamba anakwera pa mpando wachifumu.

Ndale zachipembedzo

Atafika ku mphamvu, Mfumukazi Elizabeti woyamba ndiye anayambitsa kuthetsa vuto lachipembedzo m'dziko lake. Panthawiyi, dziko lonse la Europe linagawanika kukhala Aprotestanti ndi Akatolika omwe amadana. England, yomwe inali pachilumbachi, ikhoza kukhala kutali ndi mkangano wamagazi. Zonse zomwe ankafuna zinali wolamulira wochenjera pa mpando wachifumu amene angapange chisankho chosamalitsa ndikulola magawo awiri a anthu kukhala mwamtendere. Elizabeti wochenjera komanso wodalirika, Woyamba anali mfumukazi yoteroyo.

Mu 1559, adalandira "Uniformity Act". Chilembachi chinatsimikizira chikhumbo cha mfumu kuti azitsatira njira ya Chiprotestanti ya atate wake. Pa nthawi yomweyo, Akatolika sanaloledwe kupembedza. Machimo omveka bwinowa aloledwa kutsogolera dziko kuchoka pamphepete mwa nkhondo yapachiweniweni. Zikanakhala zotheka ngati otsutsa a Reformation ndi Akatolika adakalipo pamphumi, zikhoza kumvedwa kupyolera mukumenyana koopsa ku Germany nthawi imeneyo.

Kuwonjezera kwa nyanja

Masiku ano biography ya Elizabeth the First makamaka ikugwirizana ndi Golden Age ya England - nyengo ya kuchuluka kwa chuma chake ndi zandale. Mbali yofunikira ya kupambana kumeneku ndi kukhazikitsa ulamuliro wa London monga likulu la mphamvu zamphamvu za ku nyanja za ku Ulaya. Pa nthawi ya ulamuliro wa Elizabeth Woyamba ku Nyanja ya Atlantic makamaka ku Nyanja ya Caribbean, ambiri omwe amawombera ku England anawonekera. Achifwamba amenewa ankachita zombo zamalonda komanso zamalonda. Pirate wotchuka kwambiri pa nthawi imeneyo ndi Francis Drake. Elizabeth adagwiritsa ntchito "ntchito" za anthuwa kuti athetse ochita mpikisano panyanja.

Kuphatikiza apo, oyendetsa panyanja ndi othawa kwawo, ndivomerezedwa ndi boma, anayamba kukhazikitsa maiko awo kumadzulo. Mu 1587 Jamestown anawonekera - choyamba chokhazikika cha Chingerezi ku North America. Elizabeti Woyamba, yemwe adakhala mfumu zaka makumi angapo, nthawi zonseyi adathandizirapo zoterezi.

Kusamvana ndi Spain

Kuwonjezeka kwa nyanja ku England kunayambitsa nkhondo ndi Spain, dziko lomwe lili ndi madera akuluakulu komanso opindulitsa kwambiri kumadzulo. Golide ya Peruvia nthawi zonse idakwera mpaka ku chuma cha Madrid, ndikupereka ukulu wa ufumuwo.

Ndipotu, kuyambira mu 1570 zombo za England ndi Spain zinali mu "nkhondo yachilendo". Mwachidziwitso, sikunalengezedwe, koma kugwidwa kwa zigawenga ndi miyala, zodzaza ndi golidi, zinkachitika nthawi zonse. Popeza kuti Spain ndi amene ankatetezera tchalitchi cha Katolika, pomwe Elizabeti anapitirizabe kutsatira malamulo a Chiprotestanti a bambo ake, anawonjezera mafuta pamoto.

Kuwonongedwa kwa Armada Yosavomerezeka

Kuyendetsa kwa mafumu kungangopititsa patsogolo nkhondoyo, koma siimathetsa. Nkhondo yotseguka inayamba mu 1585. Zinayambika ku Netherlands, kumene opandukawo anayesa kuchotsa mphamvu ya Spain. Elizabeti anawathandiza mobisa, akupereka ndalama ndi zinthu zina. Pambuyo pa zochitika zambiri kuchokera kwa nthumwi za mayiko onsewa, nkhondo ya pakati pa England ndi Spain inalengezedwa mwakhama.

Mfumu Philip II inatumizira asilikali a Britain m'mphepete mwa nyanja. Limeneli linali dzina la sitima zapamadzi za ku Spain, zombo 140. Nkhondoyo inali kusankha kuti ndi ndani amene ali ndi mphamvu zankhondo ndipo ndi iti mwa maulamuliro awiriwa oti akhale ufumu wadzikoli wamtsogolo. Zombo za ku England (mothandizidwa ndi a Dutch) zinali ndi zombo 227, koma zinali zochepa kwambiri kuposa Spanish. Zoonadi, iwo adali ndi mwayi wopambana.

Ndi iye yemwe ankagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi akuluakulu a gulu la Angelezi - omwe adatchula kale Francis Drake ndi Charles Howard. Flotillas inagwirizana pa August 8, 1588 ku Nkhondo ya Gravelina pafupi ndi gombe la France mu English Channel. A Spanish Invincible Armada anagonjetsedwa. Ngakhale zotsatira za kugonjetsedwa sizinawonetsedwe mwamsanga, nthawi inasonyeza kuti ndi kupambana kumeneku kumene kunapangitsa England kukhala mphamvu yaikulu yamadzi ya masiku ano.

Pambuyo pa nkhondo ya Graveline, nkhondoyo inatha zaka 16. Nkhondo zinayambanso ku America. Zotsatira za nkhondo yayitali ndi kulembedwa kwa London Peace mu 1604 (pambuyo pa imfa ya Elizabeth). Malinga ndi iye, dziko la Spain linakana kuloŵerera m'zochitika za tchalitchi cha England, pamene Britain inalonjeza kuti idzaletsa kuwonongeka kwa dziko la Habsburg kumadzulo. Kuonjezera apo, London idasiya kulekerera anthu a ku Germany omwe akuukira zigawenga kuti azitsatira ufulu wawo ku khoti la Madrid. Zotsatira zenizeni za nkhondo zinali kulimbikitsa nyumba yamalamulo m'moyo wa ndale wa Chingelezi.

Ubale ndi Russia

Kuyambira mu 1551, amalonda a ku London anayambitsa kampani ya Moscow. Anayamba kuyendetsa malonda onse a ku England ndi Russia. Elizabeti Woyamba, yemwe adakwera ku Kremlin ya Ivan the Terrible, adakambirana makalata ndi mfumu ndipo adatha kupeza ufulu wodulitsa kwa amalonda ake.

Anthu a ku Britain anali ndi chidwi kwambiri ndi ubale wa zachuma ndi Russia. Ng'ombe zamalonda zomwe zikukula zikuwathandiza kukonzekera kugulitsa ndi kugula katundu wambiri. Anthu a ku Ulaya anagula ziphuphu ku Russia, zitsulo, ndi zina zotero. Mu 1587, kampani ya ku Moscow inalandira mwayi wogwira ntchito yopanda ntchito. Kuphatikiza apo, adakhazikitsa mayadi ake osati ku likulu, komanso ku Vologda, Yaroslavl ndi Kholmogory. Chothandizira kwambiri pampando uwu wamalonda ndi wamalonda unapangidwa ndi Elizabeth woyamba. Mfumukazi ya Chingerezi inalandira kuchokera ku Russian Tsar makalata akuluakulu 11, omwe masiku ano amaimira zochitika zakale zochititsa chidwi kwambiri.

Elizabeth ndi luso

The Golden Age, yomwe nthawi ya Elizabethan ikugwiritsidwa ntchito, inayamba kuganizira kwambiri chikhalidwe cha Chingerezi. Pa nthawiyi Shakespeare analemba mlembi wamkulu wa mabuku a dziko lapansi. Mfumukazi, yokonda luso, inathandiza olemba ake m'njira iliyonse. Shakespeare ndi anzake anzake mu dipatimenti yolenga anagwirizanitsa pakukhazikitsidwa kwa malo owonetsera ku London. Wotchuka kwambiri mwa iwo anali "Globe", yomangidwa mu 1599.

Wolamulira ankayesera kupanga masewera ndi zosangalatsa kuti zifikire kwa anthu ambiri kwambiri. Khoti lake linapanga gulu lachifumu. Nthawi zina Elizabeth I ankakonda kusewera. Zithunzi za zojambula za moyo wake zikuwonetsa kuti iye anali mkazi wokongola, kupatula kukhala pa mpando wachifumu ali ndi zaka 25. Kupita ku deta zakunja kunalumikizana ndi luso lachilengedwe la mfumukazi. Iye sanali chabe polyglot, komanso katswiri wabwino.

Zaka zaposachedwa

Ngakhale madzulo a imfa yake, Elizabeti wakale, Chingelezi Choyamba anapitirizabe kugwira nawo ntchito za anthu. Kwa nthawi yotsiriza ya ulamuliro wake, pali kukangana kwakukulu pakati pa mphamvu yachifumu ndi nyumba yamalamulo. Zopweteka kwambiri zinali mavuto azachuma komanso vuto la msonkho. Elizabeti anafuna kuti adzibweretse mosungiramo chuma ngati padzakhala nkhondo zam'tsogolo. Nyumba yamalamulo inatsutsana ndi izi.

Pa March 24, 1603, dziko linaphunzira kuti Elizabeti Woyamba, yemwe anali wokondedwa ndi anthu onse, adamwalira. Mfumukazi ya Chingerezi idakondwera kwambiri ndi malo amtundu wake - adatchulidwa ndi Mfumukazi Yabwino Bess. Elizabeth anaikidwa m'manda ku Westminster Abbey ndi maphunziro ambirimbiri.

Vuto la kutsatizana ku mpando wachifumu

Boma lonse la Elizabeti linali ndi nkhaŵa yaikulu ndi funso lokhazikika pampando wachifumu. Mfumukaziyi sinakwatire konse. Iye anali ndi mabuku angapo, koma iwo anali osalongosoka. Wolamulira sankafuna kukhala womangidwa chifukwa cha ubwana wake akudziwa za banja la abambo ake, omwe adalamula amayi a Elizabeth kuti aphedwe.

Mfumukaziyi siidagwire phwando la ukwatiwo, ngakhale kuti yanyengerera nyumba yamalamulo. Mamembala ake mwa mawonekedwe a boma adamupempha Elizabeti ndikupempha kuti akwatire mmodzi wa akalonga a ku Ulaya. Kwa iwo inali nkhani ya kufunika kwadziko. Ngati dziko linatsala popanda mtsogoleri wotsutsana, nkhondo yapachiŵeniŵeni kapena nyumba yachifumu yosatha ingayambe . M'nyumbayi, Mfumukazi ya Chingerezi inatchedwa Filipo Wachiwiri wa Spanish, Archduke wa mafumu a Habsburg, kalonga wamkulu wa ku Sweden, dzina lake Eric, ngakhalenso Russian Tsar Ivan the Terrible.

Koma iye sanakwatire konse. Chifukwa chake, Elizabeti wopanda mwana asanamwalire anasankha kukhala wolowa nyumba Yakov Stewart - mwana wa Mary Queen wa Scotland. Malinga ndi amayi ake, anali mdzukulu wa Henry VII, yemwe anayambitsa ufumu wa Tudor, womwe unali Elizabeth wa First English.