Kapangidwe mkati mwa nyama. Kapangidwe ndi ntchito ya ziwalo za nyama ndi

Mwa zomera ndi kusinthidwa gulu lalikulu - ndi angiosperm ndi nyama pali zamoyo kuti ndi specialization apamwamba mu kapangidwe ka ziwalo kunja ndi mkati. Ndi nyama. M'nkhani ino tikambirana mbali ya kapangidwe awo, chitukuko, kubalana ndi gulu.

Maphunziro nyama: a mwachidule ambiri

Nyama khalidwe zikuphatikizapo zoti onse zizindikiro zawo ali nazo. Choyamba, ndi koposa ndinazolowera ziweto akhoza kuthetsa pa dziko. Zikupezeka ponseponse: mu magulu a kunyanja, steppes, m'zipululu ndi ngakhale madzi a Antarctica.

Chotero yogawa lonse kudutsa dziko chifukwa chakuti dongosolo mkati mwa nyama ali ndi ubwino ndi zizindikiro zomwe akambirana nthawi ina. maonekedwe awo komanso si sichinasinthe. Achikhalire a zosintha dziphunzitsiranso kukumana pafupifupi onse ziwalo pankhani nthumwi makamaka.

Komanso, khalidwe la kalasi ya nyama alinso kwambiri mwadongosolo ndi zovuta. Izi zikuonekera bwino ndi mfundo yakuti mmodzi wa magulu a nyama imatengedwa kuti ndi munthu wololera.

Kukula apamwamba a ubongo amalola kuti anthu apewe zolengedwa zina zonse. Today nyama mbali yofunika kwambiri mu moyo wa munthu. Iwo ali naye:

• magetsi;
• tractive mphamvu;
• ziweto;
• zasayansi MABUKU;
• alimi.

Nyama khalidwe malinga ndi maphunziro ambiri a sayansi osiyana. Koma chachikulu amatchedwa theriology ( "terios" - chirombo).

Gawo nyama

Pali kusankha zinthu kwa merging osiyanasiyana m'magulu. Koma zosiyanasiyana oimira ndi waukulu kwambiri kuwaletsa pa Baibulo limodzi. Choncho, gulu zonse- wodzilemekeza, kudzudzulidwa ndi m'malo ndi wina.

Pakali pano, pali mitundu pafupifupi 5.5 zikwi nyama, zomwe 380 mitundu moyo m'dera la dziko lathu. yosiyanasiyana ili yonse amaphatikiza magulu 27. magulu zolengedwa zoyamwitsa motere:

• monotremes;
• maoposamu;
• caenolestes;
• mikrobioterii;
• marsupials;
• bandicoots;
• dvureztsovye;
• njovu shrew;
• zlatokrotovye;
• aardvarks;
• hyrax;
• proboscidians;
• siren;
• Nyama Zodya Chiswe;
• armadillos;
• lagomorphs;
• makoswe;
• shrews mtengo;
• COLUGO;
• nyani;
• insectivorous;
• mileme;
• solipeds;
• ngakhale-toed ungulates;
• m'madzi zimakhala;
• zolusa;
• pangolins.

Zonsezi nyama zosiyanasiyana zokhala mapangidwe onse a moyo chimafikira kwa malo onse, kaya nyengo. Kuphatikizanso apa si zamoyo zinatha, chifukwa ndi iwo chiwerengero cha nyama ndi 20 zikwi mitundu.

Kapangidwe kunja nyama

Monga tanenera kale, kuwonjezera pa mkulu mlingo wa bungwe mkati ndi nyama ndi zolaula maonekedwe a kunja. makhalidwe amenewa amatha kusiyanitsa zingapo zofunika.

1. A kuvomerezedwa yosalala kapena akhakula odula (mu nkhani ya tsitsi la munthu).
2. Mapangidwe khungu, ntchito zoteteza - nyanga, ziboda, zikhadabo, tsitsi, nsidze, nsidze.
3. Pamaso pa zopangitsa khungu: ndi sebaceous ndi thukuta.
4. Zisanu vertebrae mu zikuchokera kwa khomo lachiberekero ndime vertebral.
5. Testes chowulungika woboola pakati.
6. Live kubadwa monga njira kubalana wa ana, kenako kusamalira iye.
7. Pamaso pa kuyamwitsa kwa achinyamata, ndipo n'chifukwa chake dzina la kalasi.
8. Permanent thupi kutentha kapena homeotherms - magazi ofunda.
9. Pamaso pa chifundamtima.
10. mano kusiyanitsidwa ndi nyumba osiyana ndi mitundu.

Choncho, dongosolo kunja nyama N'zoonekeratu makhalidwe yake. Mu lonse awo tingaone ndi malo apadera dongosolo la dziko organic. Komabe, monga mwa nthawi zonse, pali kuchotserapo. Mwachitsanzo, rodent excavator ali ndi zonse kutentha thupi, ndi ukukamba mwankhanzaku. A platypus sangathe moyo kubadwa, ngakhale ali yinotheria.

Mafupa ndi zochititsa

Kapangidwe ka mafupa zolengedwa zoyamwitsa angayenerere kuonedwa monga mbali awo ndi osiyana. Ndipotu iwo okha ndi bwino yagawidwa m'magawo zisanu zikuluzikulu:

• chigaza;
• thorax;
• msana;
• Lamba chapamwamba ndipo m'munsi malekezero;
• miyendo.

Pankhaniyi, msana alinso ndi makhalidwe yake. Pamafunikanso:

• khosi;
• chifuwa;
• lumbar;
• sacral gawo.

kukula achigaza ndi zazikulu kwambiri kuposa dziko lonse nyama. Izi zikusonyeza mkulu mlingo wa gulu la ntchito ubongo, mtima, khalidwe ndi maganizo. Nsagwada m'munsi ndi makina Ufumuyo Chigaza, kuwonjezera kwa kapangidwe nkhope ali cheekbone wina.

Kapangidwe ka mafupa zolengedwa zoyamwitsa makamaka chifukwa chakuti msana tichipeza platsetalnyh (ie lathyathyathya) vertebrae. zodabwitsazi salinso mu iliyonse ya zinyama womuimira. Komanso, chingwe msana ili mkati tyazhem positi mwachindunji nkhani yake imvi ali mawonekedwe a "gulugufe".

Ziwalo, kapena kani, mafupa awo, zimasiyana chiwerengero cha zala, kutalika kwa fupa, ndipo magawo ena. Izi ndi chifukwa anatengera kukhala ndi moyo wapamwamba. Choncho, zinthu ngati a mafupa kuti ankaphunzira aliyense womuimira.

Kapangidwe ndi ntchito ya ziwalo machitidwe zolengedwa zoyamwitsa

Kodi mkati thupi la nyama ndi alili ake, ndi mbali yofunika kwambiri ya munthu lonse. Ndi kapangidwe mkati mwa nyama zimawathandiza zatenga malo lalikulu pa dziko ndi pa nyanja. Zonse mwa zizindikiro zimenezi monga kapangidwe ndi kugwira ntchito kwa bungwe, ndiyeno, ndi lonse chamoyo.

Chilichonse imachita dongosolo lawo mwaonapo. mfundo General zimasungika. Zina chabe matupi afika chitukuko pazipita, zomwe wasiya chizindikiro chake pa kalasi ambiri ulemerero.

Ndi mutu waukulu kufufuza - dongosolo la nyama. Table motero kukhala oyenera kuonetsa wonse ka bungwe ziweto chipangizo cha kalasi imeneyi. Ndi kuonetsa zikuchokera matupi, dongosolo waukulu ndi ntchito iwo kuchita.

mitsempha ya magazi

mbali kandalama nyama ya zilipo zinayi chambered mtima. Ichi ndi chifukwa mapangidwe kugawa zonse. Zimenezi ndi pamutu pa zimene nyama zimenezi magazi ofunda, ndi zonse thupi kutentha ndi homeostasis chilengedwe mkati mwa chamoyo wonse.

mantha dongosolo

Ubongo ndi msana, kapangidwe ndi ntchito zawo - ichi makamaka dongosolo zolengedwa zoyamwitsa. Ndipotu, palibe nyama amatha akukumana maganizo ambiri, angati ali. Nature wawapatsa kuganiza, kukumbukira, kuganiza, kusankha mofulumira ndi molondola anatani atamva zimenezi.

Ngati ife za munthu, pali zambiri zovuta kusamutsa ndalama zonsezo wa nzeru kuposa iwo. Nyama achibadwidwe, yodziŵiratu zinthu pasadakhale, chomwe chimawathandiza moyo. Zonsezi umalamulidwa ndi ubongo, molumikizana ndi machitidwe ena.

dongosolo alimentary

Kapangidwe mkati mwa nyama zimawathandiza osati kuti azolowere zikhalidwe za moyo, komanso kusankha chakudya chawo. Mwachitsanzo, mu ruminants dongosolo wapadera m'mimba, zimene zimathandiza kuti akonzanso udzu pafupifupi mosalekeza.

Kapangidwe ka dentition komanso imasiyana malingana kwambiri pa mtundu wa chakudya. Mu herbivores chogwidwa cutters, ndi bwino m'kukoma mano zolusa. mbali zonsezi dongosolo m'mimba. Komanso mtundu uliwonse wa zamoyo umabala akonzedwa yakeyake michere m'mimba kuti magawowa ndipo mphamvu ya kuloŵerera chakudya.

Kugawilidwa kwanthaka matupi dongosolo

The ziwalo za nyama, zomwe zimakhudzidwa kuchotsa mankhwala madzi a kagayidwe imakonzedwa pa mfundo yomweyo. Impso kukonzedwa buku yaikulu madzi ndi kupanga filtrate - mkodzo. Iye anatsindika ureters mu chikhodzodzo, chimene odzadzidwa ndi anadzikhuthula mu chilengedwe.

dongosolo endocrine

Onse kapangidwe mkati mwa zolengedwa zoyamwitsa ogwirizana ndi coherent mu ntchito yawo. Komabe, pali machitidwe awiri amene Sankhani oyang'anira zigawo ndi opha anthu ena onse. Ali:

• wamanjenje;
• endocrine.

Ngati woyamba amachitira zimenezi ndi zikhumbo mitsempha ndi zikuchitika, wachiwiri kugwiritsa ntchito mahomoni. Mankhwala awa ndi zotsatira yaikulu. Pafupifupi njira ya kukula, chitukuko, kusasitsa, chitukuko maganizo, kumasuka zinthu zachitsulo, kuwombola zimagwirira - chifukwa cha ntchito ya dzikoli. Pamafunikanso ziwalo zinthu zofunika, monga:

• ndi zopangitsa adrenal;
• chithokomiro;
• thymus ;
• ndi pituitary England;
• ubongo imene imalamulira kutentha ndi ena.

zokhudzira

Kubereka ndi chitukuko cha nyama, kuonetsa mu dziko, osadziwika anachita - zonsezi sizikanatheka popanda maganizo. Kodi analyzers kuwapanga iwo, ife kale anasonyeza tebulo. Zingakhale wolakalakika zikutsindika kufunika ndi mkulu mlingo wa chitukuko ya aliyense wa iwo.

Matupi chitukuko ndi zabwino kwambiri, ngakhale monga zikuchepa monga mbalame. Kumva - ndi chowunikira zofunika kwambiri. Zilombo zolusa komanso nyama ndi - maziko ndi chitsimikizo cha moyo wabwino. kubangula mkango angamvele woberedwa, pamene makilomita angapo.

The zida vestibular amathandiza mwamsanga kusintha udindo wa thupi, kusuntha ndi kumva chitonthozo mu ngodya zonse za thupi. Kununkhiza alinso makiyi a zonenepa wa tsiku. Ndipotu, ambiri akuvutika awo ogwirira ndi fungo.

Kubereka ndi chitukuko cha nyama, makamaka

Kubereka ndi chitukuko cha nyama ndi pa mfundo zonse ambiri amavomereza. Akazi ndi amuna ndi copulatory ziwalo kwa mating ndi umuna. Pambuyo pake, mkazi umabala Bakuman ndi kumayimba ku kuwala. Komabe, mopitirira ndipo akuyamba Mosiyana nyama ndi mzake, nyama zonse kwambiri m'munsi bungwe. Iwo kusamalira ana awo, kuwabweretsa mu wamkulu ndi ufulu.

chiwerengero cha ng'ombe si choncho kwambiri, moti aliyense wa iwo afika chisamaliro, chikondi kwa makolo ake. Man, chimake cha chitukuko dziko nyama, komanso amasonyeza digiri yapamwamba mwachibadwa akuchikazi.