Yisiti monga mtundu wina? njira yisiti kafalitsidwe

M'nkhaniyi, tiona chidwi zamoyo yaying'ono zoterozo monga yisiti. Monga iwo achulukane? Pa funso tili kuyankha. Mudzaphunzira Kodi chalakwika kuswana yisiti.

Kubalana - ndi kubalana maselo latsopanoli, lomwe zofanana ndi kholo la. Chifukwa cha izo, ambiri majeremusi zokhala ndi selo imodzi ndi kuonjezera kukula anthu. Izi ndondomeko tizilombo makamaka chifukwa "ubwenzi" ndi chikhalidwe sing'anga ozungulira. Izo ziyenera amalola kuwapangitsa, amene zonse zimene michere ena.

Asayansi apeza kuti michere reducers - amphamvu kuchepetsa wothandizila amene anamasulidwa mu sing'anga pamene kukulako kumachitika akuchedwa kuchuluka kwa maselo yisiti. Amachita selo nembanemba (kwa nsinga mapuloteni disulfide). Kudzera chipolopolo amakhala permeable kwa chiphaso sing'anga zatu. Izi zipangitsa ndi biosynthesis michere, kuphatikizapo constitutive.

njira yisiti kafalitsidwe

Pitani mwachindunji ndi mutu wathu. "Yisiti kubereka spores kapena ayi?" - yankho la funso limeneli ndi osokoneza. chakuti maselo a zamoyo izi, malinga ndi chikhalidwe, angathe kubereka pogonana ndi vegetatively. Fomu otsiriza anatsimikiza kukhala m'gulu ena a biologically palokha (i.e. banja) kugawa, ndi budding ndi ikuphukira, mathero magawano. Panopa, anafotokoza amitundu inayi vegetative kafalitsidwe yisiti.

Yoyamba ya kubereka vegetative

Iye anati, mwachitsanzo, mtundu Saccharomyces (mu Saccharomycetaceae banja). Pankhaniyi, ulusi umene chipolopolo ndizo maselo akuchikazi si anasamutsidwa mwachindunji chipolopolo maselo atsopano mwana wamkazi. Mu masiteji koyamba kukula iwo akulandira chifukwa chakuti iwo apanga ndi pang'onopang'ono amasonkhana m'munsi a impso yokha. Choncho zipsera ndi m'madera a wamkulu kupindika selo nembanemba. Nthawi zambiri ali pafupi wina ndi mnzake, iwo anakonza mu mwauzimu kapena bwalo.

Komabe, njira imeneyi si khalidwe la zamoyo zonse za thupi gulu la bowa unicellular amatchedwa "yisiti". Ngati mtundu wawo zina kuswana? Tipitirize nkhani yathu.

Mtundu yachiwiri

Mtundu wotsatira wa kafalitsidwe vegetative zimawonedwa mu yisiti genera Hanseniaspora ndi Saccharo-mycodes (banja Saccharoinycoaaceae). Mbali wake - budding kumalo ozizira, potero kupanga chilonda angapo. Pankhaniyi, impso (zimene wachulukitsa yisiti) aumbike chifukwa cha protrusions aimpso chilonda, amene anatsalira ku budding yapita, ndi partitions pakati pa maselo anatambasula.

Mtundu wachitatu

Iye wakhala m'banja la yisiti Schizosaccharomyceta-seae (mwachitsanzo, mtundu Schizosaccharomyces). Khalidwe la mtundu uwu ndi kukula kwa nembanemba selo biopolyaren. The zinthu zatsopano za maselo kupangidwa, uyikidwa mu mawonekedwe a outgrowth annular ku likulu selo malekezero ake pa mfundo ya kugawikana.

Vegetative kubalana: yachinayi

Ndi khalidwe la Endomyces magnusii, maselo awo cylindrical. Pankhaniyi, ndi kugawa kusintha structural anati mu chigoba chake. Ngati pali zambiri magawano, mthunzi wapangidwa ndi mbale zingapo, amene anakonza mu kufanana ndi kutha mu rumen wina ndi mzake.

mitosis

gawo lina la structural formations phata ndi cytoplasm atuluka maselo mwana wa kholo pa micropropagation. Musanadye magawano selo pamene DNA amene ankaimba panthawi imodzi ndipo onse nthawi yomweyo. Izi zipangitsa yunifolomu kufalitsidwa pakati pa wocheperapo ndi selo kholo. Mu mtundu uwu wa fission nyukiliya wotchedwa mitosis zimawonedwa chiwerengero mosamalitsa zonse DNA mibadwo cha ndende.

Ikuphukira foni mayi

Tidapeza kuti impso - ndi chinachake chimene wachulukitsa pamene yisiti vegetatively. Ngati tikambirana ndondomeko izi mu nthawi, angathe anafotokoza kuti ola limodzi wamkazi selo anapanga kwathunthu mu momwe akadakwanitsira. Koma iye sangakhoze kubwereza umasinthasintha ikuphukira ndondomeko. Mayi selo safanana ali avareji 25-30 budding (mabala chikhalidwe). Cholepheretsa njira imeneyi - kusintha mu dongosolo selo khoma, zomwe zimagwiritsa amamuyambitsa timabala. Amatsogolera kuchepetsa padziko zothandiza, omwe amachepetsa kagayidwe ndi mapuloteni okhutira, DNA, RNA maselo ndi kumabweretsa kenako imfa.

Mukhoza kusankha njira ina, ndikulemba funso kawetedwe yisiti. Kusamvana ndondomeko izi. njira imeneyi imatchedwa kugonana. Tiyeni tione mwatsatanetsatane kwambiri.

mode Kugona kubalana

Yisiti chulutsa umene umachitika monga kugonana kapena vegetatively kuimira kwa mfundo imeneyi kwambiri chidwi. Asayansi ambiri kuphunzira khalidwe la tizilombo izi. Iwo anapeza kuti njira kugonana amagwirizana ndi kumera wa spores, amene ali asci kapena matumba (iwo akutchedwa ascospores) maselo vegetative. Pamene yisiti kubereka spores? Dziwani izi.

Zimenezi limodzi ndi gulu la phata kudzera meiosis. Pamene culturing yisiti ndi kusintha lakuthwa kuchokera zonse kwa sing'anga osauka zakudya, pamaso pa chinyezi chokwanira ndi kudzikundikira zochuluka malo zinthu muchipindachi ndipo kupeza mpweya amapezeka sporulation. Chifukwa izo ascospores ndi kugonjetsedwa ndi zinthu chokhwima zachilengedwe (kuyanika, mkulu kutentha), koma iwo sakhala khola thermally kuposa spores bakiteriya. Ascospores kufa pa kutentha 60 ° C, pamene spores bakiteriya chingathe kupirira apamwamba kutentha - madzi ndipo ngakhale apamwamba otentha.

Ascospores anapanga zambiri chifukwa cha kugonana maphatikizidwe 2 yisiti maselo ndi kupatukana wotsatira wa phata la ukala. Iwo akhoza ili ndi zinayi, nthawi zina zisanu ndi zitatu mu ascus wina. Ngati zinthu kukula vegetative ndi labwino, spores kumera pa chikhalidwe sing'anga atsopano, kenako ali kachiwiri impso maselo.

Kayendedwe ka moyo yisiti

Mu yisiti kayendedwe ka moyo amagwirizana ndi alternating spore ndi vegetative kafalitsidwe ndi zotalika osiyana magawo diploid ndi haploid. Yisiti Saccharomyces, imene pali kusintha gaplo- ndi diplofaz, m'magulu awiri: gomotallichnye ndi heterothallic.

ta heterothallic

ta Heterothallic ndi khola haploid ndi gawo diploid. Pankhaniyi, maselo diploid amatha kuchulukana vegetatively kalekale, ndi kupitiriza kwa sporulation m'mikhalidwe yovuta. Chifukwa cha zimenezi, anapanga haploid spore asci, omwe uli mmodzi wa mitundu 2-mating. Copulation Choncho anachita kokha pamsonkhano ascospores 2 kapena maselo kwa mitundu yosiyanasiyana haploid, chifukwa mu mapangidwe zygote, ndipo diplofaza limzake.

ta Gomotallichnye

Gomotallichnye ta ku heterothallic amasiyana kuti ali ndi diplofaza khola. Kutalikirana kwa kufunsa spores haploid anapanga dongosolo diploid. M'mawu ena, mu mbadwa za spore limodzi amapezeka samodiploidizatsiya (maphatikizidwe wa maselo haploid) chifukwa chakuti spores akhoza chokhudzana osakaniza kapena oyamwitsa maselo akuchikazi haploid kwa masamba ake.

Ndipo apo gomotallichnyh mitundu mating yisiti. AF Rusnak kuphunzira mitundu yisiti SACCH. vini, amene ntchito mu winemaking. Iye anati kuli amenewa lalikulu la mafuko. Bwinobwino izo, kafukufuku ananena kuti chikhalidwe cha awo ambiri gomotallichna.

Komabe, ena yisiti haploid boma kwa nthawi yaitali angathe kubereka vegetatively. Mwachitsanzo Chizosaccharomyces ndi Zygosaccharomyces. maselo Haploid kuti sporulation kuphatikiza, n'kupanga zygote diploid. Ndiye mothandizidwa ndi meiosis izo ukugawa ndi zinagwira anayi kapena asanu ndi atatu spores haploid. Iwo kumera, ndipo patapita kanthawi anayamba kuchulukana mu boma haploid asexually.

Zabwino mfundo sporulation

Kuphunzira tizilombo, monga yisiti (monga kufalitsa), ofufuza ananena kuti kagayidwe ndi ntchito chonse tizilombo mochedwa pa sporulation. chikhalidwe Izi zipangitsa apulumuke akumane awo zinthu vegetative kafalitsidwe. Choncho, sporulation, chomwe chili m'kati kusamala mitundu ndi kuswana, ayenera kutengedwa ngati njira yabwino mu chitukuko cha zamoyo yisiti.

Zotsatira za kafukufuku B. Pazoni

B. Pazoni anaphunzira mmene yisiti chulukanani. Iwo analandira zotsatira chidwi pa zotsatira pa dzuwa ndi moyo ntchito tizilombo izi sitepe ya kubereka. Culture vinyo yisiti amene anadutsa ndi zina sporulation ndi spore kumera ndondomeko diploidization, kuposa liwiro nayonso mphamvu ya liziwawa chikhalidwe magawo awa sali zapita. Mu mayesero ikuchitika zinthu poluproizvodstvennyh, panali kuchepa nayonso mphamvu zapakati pa masiku 35 21-31.

Choncho, kodi inu kukumana ngati chidwi yaying'ono-zamoyo monga yisiti. Monga iwo achulukane, tsopano inu mukudziwa. Tikukhulupirira mukukumbukira chimene chalakwika njira ziwiri zazikulu. Yisiti n'kumugawa m'magulumagulu kubereka spores ndi budding. Pakati pa izi njila ikuchitika zinthu zina, ndipo aliyense wa iwo ali ndi makhalidwe yake.