Patsogolo ndi chiyani? Mitundu, mitundu, zitsanzo za patsogolo. Zikayenda ndi zotsutsana za patsogolo

Lingaliro la kupita patsogolo analowa sayansi monga zachipembedzo (chidziko) Baibulo la chikhulupiriro cha Akristu ku Providence. Masomphenya a Tsogolo mu nkhani ya m'Baibulo ndi kulisiya, wodzozedwa ndi wopatulika njira ya chitukuko cha anthu, kutsogoleredwa ndi chifuniro cha Mulungu. Komabe, magwero a lingaliro limeneli akupezeka kale kwambiri. Kenako, yosanthula, kodi patsogolo, zimene cholinga chake ndi phindu.

Kutchula koyamba

Musanayambe kuti patsogolo motere kupereka mwachidule mbiri chifukwa cha zikamera ndi kufala kwa mfundo imeneyi. Makamaka, Greek nthanthi mwambo, pali mtsutso pa kuwongolera nyumba za ndale komanso alipo kusintha kuchokera wosazindikira ammudzi ndi banja kwa polis wakale, T. E. The mzinda boma (Aristotle, "Ndale," Plato "Malamulo"). Patapita kanthawi, mu nthawi ya Middle, Bacon linayesetsa kutsatira mfundo ndi maganizo patsogolo m'munda maganizo. Malinga ndi iye, kudziwa anasonkhanitsa ndi kupita kwa nthawi zambiri Unakhala ndi bwino. Choncho, m'badwo uliwonse ali othekera kuona patsogolo ndi bwino kuposa akalambula ake.

patsogolo ndi chiyani?

Liwu limeneli lili ndi mizu Latin ndipo limatanthauza "kupambana", "kupitabe patsogolo." Bwino ndi malangizo kupanga khalidwe pang'onopang'ono. Zimenezi amakhala ndi kusintha kwa m'munsi apamwamba, kuchokera zochepa changwiro choposa. Patsogolo anthu - lonse, dziko zinachitika chodabwitsa. pochita zimenezi chitunda cha kuyanjana anthu ku nkhanza za limati wosazindikira pamwamba pa chitukuko. Kusintha kumeneku n'kozikidwa pa zomwe ndale, malamulo, makhalidwe abwino ndi za chikumbumtima, sayansi ndi luso.

Gawo

Tafotokozazi, kodi patsogolo, ndipo pamene ine anayamba kulankhula za lingaliro ili. Kenako, ife tisanthule zigawo zake. M'kupita kwa chikusintha dzanja zotsatirazi chakuti:

• Zakuthupi. Pankhaniyi tikulankhula wosangalala kwambiri lathunthu anthu onse ndi kuwonongedwa kwa malamulo alionse luso ichi.
• Mbali chikhalidwe. Apa tikukamba za ndondomeko ya chiyerekezo cha anthu chilungamo ndi ufulu.
• Science. chigawo amasonyeza njira yothandizira, kukulitsa ndi kukukulirakulira chidziwitso cha dziko, chitukuko mu micro- ndi macrospheres; yomenyera malire a chidziwitso cha kuthekera zachuma.

nthawi yatsopano

Nthawi imeneyi, ife anayamba kuona mphamvu galimoto patsogolo mu sayansi. maganizo awo pa ndondomeko mawu amene G. Spencer. Malinga ndi iye, patsogolo - onse mu chikhalidwe ndi mu anthu - kumvera chilengedwe zamoyo zinachita mfundo mosalekeza kuwonjezeka Kuvuta ndi kugwira ntchito mkati mwa bungwe. M'kupita kwa nthawi, patsogolo anayamba akuonera mawonekedwe a mabuku, mbiri ambiri. Iwo sanasangalale nazo ndi luso losiyanasiyana. Chitukuko osiyana pakhala zosiyanasiyana yothandiza. malamulo, zimene pamapeto, zinachititsa osiyanasiyana patsogolo. otchedwa "makwerero" unakhazikitsidwa. Pamwamba ake ndi ambiri anayamba ndi kutukuka magulu a Kumadzulo. Kenako, pamisinkhu yosiyanasiyana mbewu zina. Kufalitsa ankadalira pa mlingo wa chitukuko. An "azungu" wa zosiyana. Chifukwa, pali kotereku patsogolo monga "amerikotsentrizm" ndi "Eurocentrism".

Contemporary

Nthawi imeneyi, ndi mbali yofunika wakhala anatumizidwa munthu. Weber anatsindika makhalidwe a kusalumikizana khalidwe konsekonse pa kayendetsedwe ka zosiyanasiyana njira chikhalidwe. Durkheim anatchulapo zitsanzo zina za patsogolo. Iye analankhula za zochita chikhalidwe kaphatikizidwe kudzera "umodzi organic". Izo zinali zochokera mapolojekiti ndi matanthauzo opindulitsa zopereka mamembala onse a anthu.

Lingaliro chakale

19-20 zaka amatchedwa "chipambane lingaliro." Pamene chikhulupiriro ambiri kuti sayansi ndi luso patsogolo akhoza kupereka kungakupatseni mosalekeza kusintha kwa moyo pamodzi ndi mzimu wa chikondi chidaliro. Ambiri, anthu pali lingaliro tingachipeze powerenga. Zinali lingaliro chidaliro cha kumasulidwa mwapang'onopang'ono anthu mantha ndi umbuli pa njira zambiri woyengeka ndi apamwamba misinkhu ya chitukuko. Lingaliro chakale potengera chiphunzitso cha liniya nthawi sizingasinthe. Pali patsogolo zabwino yodziwika ndi kusiyana panopa komanso m'tsogolo kapena m'mbuyomu ndiponso masiku ano.

Zolinga

Iwo anali ankaganiza kuti kayendedwe anafotokoza adzakhala mosalekeza kupitirira, osati panopa komanso m'tsogolo, ngakhale yofanana mwachisawawa. anthu ambiri inabuka mwa misa kukhulupirira kuti patsogolo N'kutheka kuti apulumutse pamisinkhu onse, aliyense kapangidwe chachikulu cha anthu. Chifukwa cha zimenezi, onse anali kufika kulemera zonse.

I chachikulu

Pakati pawo pali zambiri anakumana:

• kusintha chipembedzo (J. Buse, Augustine).
• Kuwonjezeka kwa sayansi (Comte, D. Vico, Zh. A. Kondorse).
• Kulingana ndi chilungamo (Marx, T. Campanella, T. Moore).
• Patsogolo ufulu wa anthu pamodzi ndi chitukuko abwino (Durkheim, Kant).
• Mizinda, mafakitale, luso kusintha (KA Saint-Simon).
• Ulamuliro pa mphamvu zachilengedwe (Herbert Spencer).

patsogolo zotsutsana

The kukayikira woyamba za kulondola kwa mfundo anayamba kulankhula pambuyo First World nkhondo. patsogolo zotsutsana inkakhala ku zikamera maganizo za mavuto mbali pa chitukuko cha anthu a. Mmodzi wa kutsutsa koyamba ndi F. tenesi. Iye ankakhulupirira kuti Kukwezeleza zakakhalidwe ku miyambo masiku ano, mafakitale, osati sanali bwino, koma anakula mikhalidwe ya moyo wa anthu. Chachikulu, nthawi yomweyo, munthu Intaneti ya mogwirizana miyambo ya anthu m'malo mwa mozungulira chabe, sekondale, ojambula mwangwiro malangizo chibadidwe Masiku ano. Malinga ndi kunena kwa tennis, anali vuto lalikulu ikuyendera.

ogwiritsa kutsutsa

Nkhondo yachiwiri itatha kwa anthu ambiri chakhalapo kuti chitukuko mu dera wina ali ndi mavuto obwera chifukwa cha wina. Zopangapanga, mizinda, sayansi ndi patsogolo zamakono limodzi ndi kuwonongeka kwa malo. Ndiyeno, chikwiyire ndi mavuto zachilengedwe. Pali chiphunzitso chatsopano. Kukhulupirira kuti anthu ayenera kupitiriza zachuma, m'malo ndi lingaliro njira ya "malire kukula".

kaonedwe

Ofufuzawa masamu kuti pa njira ya mowa m'mayiko osiyanasiyana mfundo Western, dziko akhoza amaphulika zimamuchulukira zachilengedwe. Lingaliro la "golide biliyoni", malinga ndi moyo otetezeka dziko adzaperekedwa kwa amangotorapo anthu 1 biliyoni ku mayiko olemera, kwathunthu kuonongedwa kwa tenet chapakati chimene lingaliro chakale patsogolo - lathu tsogolo labwino kwa amoyo onse popanda yekha. Kukhulupirira chapamwamba mwa malangizo a chitukuko, amene anali chitukuko Western, womwe unali kwa nthawi yaitali, m'malo ndi kukhumudwa.

masomphenya zosatheka

Maganizo amenewa amasonyezedwa idealized kwambiri chizindikiro cha anthu abwino. Pa maganizo n'komwe, ine ndikulingalira, ngati inatembenuka. Otsiriza poyesa kugwiritsa mtundu kuona dziko wakhala dziko zokomera dongosolo. Pa yomweyo anthu panthawi imeneyi si ntchito katundu, "angathe lolimbikitsa gulu, kanthu konsekonse, nalanda m'maganizo a anthu," chimene chingalowe oyendetsa chimangidwe cha m'tsogolo (udindo zimenezi bwino kwambiri anaphedwa maganizo a sosholisimu). M'malo mwake, lero pali kapena zophweka extrapolation wa zinthu zilili, kapena maulosi zoopsa.

M'mbuyo pa tsogolo

Kukula kwa malingaliro za zimene zidzachitike m'tsogolo panopa mbali ziwiri. Mbali yoyamba amaonekera mtima woipa chakhazikika, zifaniziro amaona yamdima kuchepa, chiwonongeko ndi alibe. Chifukwa kukhumudwa mu rationalism sayansi ndi luso anayamba kufalitsa zongoganiza ndi irrationality. Chifukwa ndi mfundo zomveka pankhani imeneyi kapena danga ayamba otsutsa maganizo, yodziŵiratu zinthu pasadakhale, chikumbumtima maganizo. Zimamveka kwakukulu ziphunzitso postmodernist zinafa i odalirika chikhalidwe masiku ano amene nthano anali wosiyana ndi zenizeni, wosakongola ku wokongola, ukoma kwa wachiwiri. Zonsezi limasonyeza kuti nthawi ya "ufulu pazipita" ku makhalidwe abwino, miyambo, patsogolo pa mapeto. Mu njira yachiwiri view yogwira kufufuza mfundo zatsopano chitukuko imene ingathandize anthu chiongoko zabwino nyengo akubwera, kupulumutsa anthu ku Musanyengedwe sizinatheke. malingaliro Postmodern anali kwakukulukulu kukanidwa ndi zamoyo zinachita kusintha mu Baibulo miyambo ndi finalism, fatalism ndi Determinism. Ambiri a iwo ankakonda zitsanzo zina za patsogolo - njira zina probabilistic kuti chitukuko cha anthu ndi chikhalidwe. Ena theorists (Buckley, akaponya, Etzioni, Wallerstein, Nisbet) mu malingaliro awo kumasulira lingaliro monga mwayi zotheka isanayambike kusintha kuti akhoza kukhala ndi Mwina ena zimachitika kapena kukhala padera.

constructivism mfundo

Kuchokera zosiyanasiyana njira ndi mfundo anatumikira monga maziko ongolankhula wa postmodernism. kumakhala kovuta kuti tsiku ndi tsiku moyo wabwino wa anthu kupeza mphamvu akuyendetsa patsogolo. Malinga K. kuuza, masamu njira limatitsimikizira kuti zikomo yekha kuti anthu angayambe kusintha. Apo ayi, ntchito imangokhala n'ngosathetseka.

Zikhulupiriro zina

Onse a iwo anaonekera mu chiphunzitso cha ntchito, m'malo chabe. Zikhulupiriro zina amakopa "munthu lonse" popanda kusonyeza chidwi mu kusiyana kwa chikhalidwe ndi civilizational. Pankhaniyi Ndipotu, anawona mtundu watsopano wa utopias chikhalidwe. Ndi mawerengeredwe cybernetic chikhalidwe anthu ambiri kuti abwino, ankaona mwa prism cha zochita za anthu. mfundo izi adzabwezedwa kwa malangizo abwino, zikhulupiriro zina mu imabwera kupita patsogolo. Komanso, iwo amachitcha (ngakhale pa mlingo kwambiri ongolankhula) magwero ndi zinthu kukula. Pakali pano, mfundo zina sayankha funso ili: chifukwa anthu, "kopanda" ndi "ufulu", nthawi zina amasankha patsogolo ndipo amayesetsa kukhala ndi "latsopano, yogwira anthu a" koma nthawi Buku ndi makhalidwe otayirira ndi kuwonongedwa kwa iye mu zingathandize kuti stagnation ndi mgwirizano. Yachokera pa chiphunzitso cha ntchito, kuti sangathe iriyonse kuti anthu ayenera kupita patsogolo. Izi anafotokoza chifukwa chakuti n'zosatheka kutsimikizira kapena ndikufuna anthu kuzindikira mphamvu yake yolenga m'tsogolo. Mayankho a mafunso amenewa palibe ndi cybernetics ndi machitidwe chiphunzitso. Komabe, iwo anafufuza mwatsatanetsatane chipembedzo ndi chikhalidwe. Pa nkhani imeneyi, monga njira kuti chiphunzitso constructivist ya chimakono mkati lero akhoza kuchita sociocultural etikotsentrizm.

pomaliza

Modern Russian nzeru ena ayamba kubwerera ku "Silver Age". Ponena za cholowa, iwo akuyesera kachiwiri kumva choyambirira dziko chikhalidwe kayimbidwe, kusamutsa nawo chinenero okhwima sayansi. Malinga Panarin, biomorphic kudziwa kapangidwe chimasonyeza munthu m'chifanizo cha chilengedwe monga moyo, organic okhulupirika. malo ake lingathandize anthu a dongosolo zolinga apamwamba ndi yosemphana ndi losasamala ogula kudzikonda. Lero, momveka zikuonekeratu kuti sayansi oona za chikhalidwe amafuna kuunikanso kwambiri malangizo alipo, zofunika ndi makhalidwe abwino. Iwo angawauze malangizo watsopano kwa munthu, ngati nayenso, adzapeza mphamvu zokwanira ntchito.