Kodi chikominisi dziko?

Kuti timvetsetse nkhaniyi, m'pofunika kuthandauza kwa ndi chikominisi dziko. ndi ntchito imene umagwira pa mbiri m'dziko lathu ndi dziko? Ndipotu, chikominisi dziko - ndi chinthu chofunika kwambiri kwa nkhani lonse!

tanthauzo

Motero, mayiko chikominisi - gulu landale, anthu ake adafuna kuphatikiza ndi yosemphana: chikominisi ndi Dziko. Nthawi ya chodabwitsa izi zimachitika makamaka kwa Ukraine a 1917-1920, amene anali gawo la ufumu wakale Russian. Cholinga cha chikominisi dziko anali kulenga mu malo oyamba, Bomali, ndipo kachiwiri, anthu chikominisi, ozikidwa pa zinthu zadziko, mbali chikhalidwe ndi dera lawo ndi dziko osiyana.

Ndipo akuluakulu oimira gulu limeneli mu Ukraine anali: Nikolay Hvylevoy Nicholas Skrypnyk, Alexander Shumsky, Michael Volobuev.

Features

Monga tanena gulu limeneli anali ndi udindo kwa chilengedwe cha dziko chikominisi, koma ayenera achokera zofuna za mtundu makamaka. Ganizo chikominisi dziko, maphwando kuti amamuthandizanso anali kukana kwathunthu m'malo a chikhalidwe dziko zilankhulo zina chilengedwe komanso chikhalidwe. Nkofunika kudziwa kuti kukuchititsa zimenezi amapereka lingaliro la osiyana boma palokha, amene amalowa mgwirizano wa mayiko zokomera pamaziko a zaufulu. Malinga ndi zimene takambiranazi, kayendedwe ka chikominisi dziko ndi kukumanizana kudalirana ndi cosmopolitanism.

The gawo, yomwe kufalitsa gulu landale

Kumene, gululi kulibe yekha pa gawo Chiyukireniya, komanso ena mayiko a Soviet Union, monga Georgia.

Koma Chiyukireniya chikominisi dziko adakhalabe amphamvu kwambiri mwa mayiko a. Moscow amagwira kumenyana zochitika zimenezi, ndipo kunapezeka kuti kuwachotsa, koma vuto ndi boma Chiyukireniya analephera. Ndipotu, Ukraine wakhala anatengedwa ndi kulimbana yogwira ufulu umene ankafunanso. The vuto lomwelo lidali, ndipo pambuyo utasintha, pamene Republic Chiyukireniya anapambana bwino kutchedwa boma wodzilamulira mu 1920. Moscow Komabe, anasiya pangano yekha pa pepala, ndipo anapitiriza kuimira Ukraine mu mabungwe, umene boma anamvera Zionetsero atsopano.

Komabe, pambuyo pa kukhazikitsidwa kwa USSR udindo wa wodziimira Ukraine anayamba mofulumira kutaya. Pambuyo boma ake ankafuna kuchita zonse Ukrainization ndi kutibwezera owalamulira anthu amene ali ndi mizu yekha Chiyukireniya. Komabe, Moscow akuluakulu ndi zonsezi kwa kuponderezedwa mtundu wa anthu Russian mu dera la Republic Chiyukireniya. Opanikizika ichi, kayendedwe ndale Ukraine anagwidwa pa malo a National Bolshevism.

National chikominisi. Mbiri andale a yatsoka

Monga tanenera kale pamwambapa, zikamera gulu limeneli limabweretsa Ukraine. Inakhalapo kwa zaka zoyambirira kwambiri mphamvu Soviet. Zofunika pa nthawi kabuku Mazlaha mthakati ndi imene inkatchedwa "The Wave". olemba ake ankakhulupirira kuti awononge chodabwitsa cha chinyengo dziko, otsalira pambuyo wosakondedwayo tsarist boma zimatheka pamene inu kusagwirizana Ukraine ku Russian Ufumu. Iwo ankakhulupirira kuti Party Communist a Ukraine ayenera n'kukhala gulu osiyana ndale. Kuipanikiza ndi mthakati sanagwirizane ndi maganizo a boma, amene anali mu Moscow vuto Chiyukireniya dziko. Olemba kakuti akulakalaka Communist ndi ufulu wodzilamulira Ukraine, koma iwo ali awiri zinthu osayenerana n'komwe.

Choncho, kabuku "Wave" wakhala gwero choyamba, amene anafotokoza malingaliro a mitundu-chikominisi, ndi maziko a kubadwa kwa chinthu chatsopano, likupita kugwa mosalephera.

Ambiri gululi Chili zochita osiyanasiyana a ndale ndi mayendedwe, lingaliro la chimene chinali "chikominisi ziŵalo zigawo zonse za anthu Soviet."

Zimayambitsa kayendedwe ka chikhalidwe-chikominisi pa gawo Chiyukireniya

Zikamera wa azimuth izi mu Ukraine chifukwa cha mavuto a ndale a nthawi mwina chosakhwima ndi kugawikana Chiyukireniya azimuth demokalase. Dziwani kuti ndithu chidwi kuchuluka kwa demokalase Chiyukireniya ndi ankadziwa kuti kupewa vuto lalikulu kokha kugwirizana ndi Bolsheviks. Mwina chifukwa chake dziko chikominisi, amene mbiri kotero zogwirizana ndi akuluakulu Union, anali anaweruzidwa kuti aphedwe.

Ukrainization ndi zina zomwe ake

Mtopola umenewu anayamba mu Ukraine mu 1920. Cholinga cha Ukrainization anali, choyamba, m'malo onse a mafelemu mu utsogoleri wa mbadwa Chiyukireniya, ndipo kachiwiri, kuyambitsa chinenero Chiyukireniya anthu onse.

Kupambana chachikulu chinali kukhazikitsa zonse za Ukrainization wa chinenero Chiyukireniya paliponse zotheka. oimira panopa kuti anapanga zoti ndi kanthu mtundu wa chikominisi Chiyukireniya. Ndipo bwino akwaniritsa m'munda wa ndondomeko chikhalidwe, amene anachita nkhondo yolimbana chauvinism Russian ndi Ukraine dziko. oimira panopa analenga selo nthambi ya chinenero Chiyukireniya ndi chikhalidwe Chiyukireniya.

Chikominisi National pansi Stalin kwambiri mumtima. Ndipo anthu onse amene anathandiza lingaliro ndi kayendedwe, anatumiza kwa kumuwombera mfuti. Pakuti izi, ndithudi, oimira gululi kwambiri ankadana ndi woopedwa wolamulira wa Soviet Union.

Zimayambitsa chikhalidwe-chikominisi ku Russia

Choncho, mfundo koyamba za Social-Democracy mu Russia, yomwe inali yankhanza chikominisi patapita zaka zambiri, anaonekera pamene Georgi Plekhanov m'chinenero cha mbadwa "Communist Manifesto."

Kuletsa mu Russian Ufumu manyazi serfdom mu 1861 chinali chifukwa atangochimwa dera la asapita Russian capitalist, amene anali kale. Komabe, dziko likadali akuzisunga maziko omwewo: autocracy, mwayi kwa amazikonda anthu otchuka, aakulu tidakocheza zigawo. Chifukwa cha zimenezi, anthuwo anayamba kukula khalidwe chosintha wa maganizo. Kenako anayamba kukonza magulu osiyanasiyana a ndale, kuphatikizapo Russian Social-Democratic Party. Choncho, nkhani zoterezi anapita kusintha waukulu kwambiri dziko lonse.

Ndipo pano ndi chiyambi cha pano nyumbayi chipani kuika 2 Congress wa Russian Social-Democratic Labor Party mu 1903, womwe unachitikira ku London. Pa msonkhano uno ife anasaina zikalata chachikulu ndi mapulogalamu a chitukuko cha chikhalidwe-chikominisi mu Russia. Nkofunika kudziwa kuti congresses awa samakhoza zololeka ikuchitika pa dera la Russian Ufumu, chifukwa ntchito imeneyi panthawi imeneyo inali sangathe mu Russia.

Mofanana 2 na- Congress anali magawano kwambiri pakati pa Bolsheviks ndi Mensheviks, amene kenako zachititsa kuti sizingasinthe zochitika m'mbiri chimene chinasintha Russia kwathunthu.

Mawonetseredwe gulu limeneli ku Vietnam

Kodi chidwi Vietnamese dziko chikominisi? Nkhani amapita kuti Party Communist anabadwa mu Vietnam mu 1951 analipo mpaka 1981. chisankho pa kukhazikitsidwa kwa Party Communist la Vietnam Analeredwa pa Congress wa ICP mu 51 TH chaka. Atayamba kulibe, ndiye anachoka ku French Communist Party, ndipo nawonso, wakhala ogaŵikana 3 mayere: Khmer Chiwukirano Party anthu, ndi Lao Party Anthu ndi Labor Vietnam Party.

Pambuyo mapeto a Vietnam nkhondo anayamba yogwira kupitiriza kwa lingaliro la kupanga anthu chikominisi mu dziko. Ndipo chinthu choyamba kuti chikominisi anali nationalization a mabanki ndi makampani akuluakulu. Kale mu 1976, South ndi North Vietnam ophatikizidwa ndi linatchedwa Socialist Republic of Vietnam.

Kale m'ma 1970, Vietnam wakhazikitsa kugwirizana kwambiri ndi USSR, ndipo mu 1976 iwo inachita pangano la ubwenzi. nthawi zonse, Union mwachangu anathandiza Vietnam kumanganso patapita nkhanza ntchito asilikali pa madera ake. Soviet Union ndiponso mokangalika analimbikitsa mtima wa chikominisi mu dziko Vietnam. Pali zambiri anatumiza kwa akatswiri Russian kuchokera zosiyanasiyana. The Union of Vietnamese anadza kuwombola ndi kuphunzira ku mayunivesite Soviet.

Koma ndiye kachiwiri, mu Vietnam nkhondo ndi Cambodia, ndiyeno China. Nkhondo sizinakhalitse, masabata atatu okha, kuyambira February 17 March 5 1979. Iwo inatha kuyamika Soviet Union, lomwe analowereraponso ndipo anathandiza kusiya Nkhondo pakati Vietnam ndipo China mu njira yamtendere. Koma ngakhale kusamvana mofulumira mkangano, Vietnam wasiya anthu ambiri, chifukwa cha zimene chuma chinachepa.

Potengera Soviet boma ku Vietnam zinachititsa kuti umphawi wake wadzaoneni. Zoonadi, m'madera ena a chuma dziko maziko ake anali kokha pa ogwira ntchito payekha. Mogwirizana ndi zodabwitsazi anali chiwerengero kusintha zinthu, zomwe zinachititsa zoletsa zina anali atakwezeka, ndipo alimi akhoza kugulitsa zina zopangidwa m'misika.

Koma pambuyo Soviet Union linagwa, motero, anaima ndi thandizo kuti Republic. The m'dzikolo awo zamavuto m'khutu, kulimbana ndi kufufuma ndi umphawi mtheradi. Mogwirizana ndi boma ogwetsa la Vietnam watsegula malire ake kwa anthu amalonda a ku Ulaya, amene anayamba aganyali chuma ndi malonda.

Mu nthawi yathu, nayenso, Vietnam ndi mabwalo a zokomera. Tsopano pali malonda alendo akuchita mwachangu. Maholide việt Nam tsopano mu ankafuna wamkulu mwa anthu Russian.

Chikominisi ku Vietnam zikusonyezedwa mawonekedwe pang'ono bata, ngakhale amatikumbutsa Soviet Union. Republic ndi lotseguka ubale zachuma ndi mayiko ena.

matanthauzo

Choncho, muyenera kupereka tanthauzo mfundo monga "sosholisimu dziko", "chikominisi" ndi "Fascism". Chifukwa nthawi zambiri anthu mu kuganiza kuti ali bwino bwino mbiri, cholakwika mu matanthauzo izi.

National Socialism - ndi mtundu wa chipangizo anthu kupanga sosholisimu dziko lawo (tsankho). Nkofunika kudziwa kuti gululi, nayenso, lagawidwa lamanja ndi lamanzere. Komanso, pomwe likukhudza kwambiri kuti mawu akuti "zokomera onse" ndipo pafupi ndi USSR, koma kumanzere chimanena za "dziko", kutanthauza ndale Hitler pamaziko tsankho mu maonekedwe ake aakulu. Anthu ambiri amanena kuti tanthauzo limeneli la fascism, ndipo sanaone zambiri kusiyana.

Fascism - malangizo ndale monga ulamuliro, ndi kugwiritsa ntchito chiwawa (makamaka zimatikhudza motani anthu a chiyuda). Chili ndi dziko ndiponso tsankho. Kupita kumabweretsa kukana kwathunthu kwa ufulu ndi kumasulika, ndi kuopseza dziko. Choncho, lero padziko lonse zinthu zosonyeza nkhondo mawonetseredwe aliyense wa Fascism. The ndondomeko Kwalamulidwa lonse nkhani kuti criminalize kulikonse khalidwe lopondereza.

Dziwani kuti, ngakhale kuti bwalo la m'ma 21, maonekedwe a fascism, mwatsoka, ndi malo Europe. Koma, mwamwayi, kulimbana yogwira ali ndi zochitika zimenezi.

Komabe, pali kusiyana, ndi wodalirika kwambiri. Chotero kodi izo motani?

Kusiyana National Socialism, chikominisi, Fascism

Ndi kusiyana pakati pa mfundo izi motere. Ngati Fascism wosasamala boma monga chinthu chachikulu, nawerenga: "boma amalenga mtundu" wa National Socialism awafotokozera lingaliro limene boma zinthu monga njira kupulumutsa anthu. Iye ankafuna kusintha boma m'dziko. Socialism National amapereka lingaliro la kuyeretsa mtundu, kutaya zinthu zina zonse. Pankhani ya Germany, mfundo imeneyi chinali mu Aryan Nation. Nazi ankafuna mphamvu zolamula mbali zonse za moyo wa munthu aliyense. Izi envisaged kuti kukana ambiri ufulu wa anthu.

Mu zaka za m'ma 1930 mphamvu mu Germany anadza Nationalists Social, kutsogozedwa ndi Adolf Hitler. Choncho, pasanapite nthawi anayamba kuzunza Ayuda, ndipo anayamba massively kuwononga. Opaleshoni imeneyi imatchedwa mbiri ya ulamuliro wa Nazi. The Socialists National kukonzekera ntchito anthu ena akapolo iwo pambuyo kuwonongedwa kwa Ayuda ndi kulanda dziko lonse.

Mwamwayi, lingaliro ili sanabwere zoona, ngakhale kuti anakwanitsa kubweretsa m'mavuto pakati pa anthu. A nambala yaikulu ya Ayuda anaphedwa m'misasa, anthu ambiri anawomberedwa.

Koma chikominisi, apa palinso zina. Koma choyamba, tifunika kumasulila chiyani chikominisi.

Chikominisi - ndi mfundo zandale amene amakana katundu aliyense payekha. Akukhulupirira kuti mfundo imeneyi ndi zosatheka. Tanthauzo la mfundo imeneyi amasonyeza mawu otsatirawa: "kuchokera malinga ndi luso lake, aliyense - malinga ndi zosowa zake." A chitsanzo chapadera cha chikominisi paima Union of Soviet Socialist. Chikominisi anayesa kumanga kumeneko kwa zaka 70, koma mwatsoka, chiwembu akhala bwino, chifukwa Soviet Union anali atagwa, kutsimikizira chikhalidwe n'komwe za mfundo chikominisi.

Chikominisi National mu Russia kugwirizana ndi mantha, kusowa umunthu ndi chiyembekezo chilichonse kuti munthu anamukhululukira chifukwa mchitidwewo sadalole.

Nkhani zimene zimapezeka sosholisimu dziko, chikominisi, fascism

Socialism National ndi Fascism M'magazini wamba. Chief pakati pawo ndi subordination wathunthu wa zofuna za aliyense boma munthu ndi mphamvu kotheratu pa boma pa onse strata wa anthu ndi munthu.

Onse maganizo ndi chimake cha nkhanza komanso zinthu zopanda chilungamo, chifukwa ife sitingathe kuunikira magulu awa, malinga ndi zotsatira chomaliza, chimene iwo anafika ku mapeto. Palibe kukayika kuti oimira malamulowa sanafune kuwononga dziko. Iwo anali kumanga latsopano abwino (mu nzeru zawo). Komabe, iwo analephera kuzindikira chinthu chimodzi - zofuna za anthu wamba, amene anavutika, anavutika chisoni kwambiri. Ndithudi anthu avutika chisoni chokwanira nthawi yoopsa kwa zaka kubwera.