Mpweya kukhala mu chikhalidwe. mpweya mkombero m'chilengedwe

Popeza Kubwera zimapangidwira anthu zinadziwika kuti zonse imakhala ndi mfundo yomwe imakhala ndi mfundo mankhwala. The zosiyanasiyana zipangizo kupatsidwa mankhwala osiyanasiyana a zinthu zophweka. Pakali pano, momasuka ndi analowa mu tebulo nthawi ya Mendeleev 118 mankhwala zinthu. Pakati pawo tiyenera kutchula chiwerengero cha utsogoleri, pamaso amene limanenedwa ndi maonekedwe a zamoyo padziko lapansi. mndandanda Izi zikuphatikizapo: asafe, mpweya, mpweya, wa hydrogen, sulfure, ndi phosphorous.

Mpweya: mbiri ya anapeza

zinthu izi zonse, komanso anthu ena, achititsa kuti chitukuko cha kusinthika kwa zamoyo padziko lathuli mu mawonekedwe umene ife tsopano umboni. A zigawo zikuluzikulu zonse za mpweya ziri mu chikhalidwe kuposa zinthu zina. Mpweya monga item osiyana chatsegulidwa August 1, 1774 Dzhozefom Pristli. Pa pokonzekera kuyesera mpweya lonse Mercury ndi Kutentha ntchito mandala ochiritsira, anapeza kuti kandulo akutentha lawi lalitali yowala.

Kwa nthawi yaitali, Priestley anayesera kupeza n'zosamveka ichi. Pa nthawi imeneyo, dzina la "mpweya chachiwiri" zapatsidwa kwa zodabwitsazi. Chinachake kale, anayambitsa wa AK Drebbel sitima zapamadzi m'zaka za m'ma XVII anasankha mpweya ndi ntchito kukoka chidali chifuniro chake. Koma zatsopano ake sanali bwanji kumvetsetsa udindo ankaimba ndi mpweya mu chikhalidwe cha mphamvu ya zamoyo. Komabe, asayansi, mwalamulo anatsegula mpweya anapeza French sayansi Antuan Loran Lavuaze. Iwo mobwerezabwereza kuyesera ndi Priestley anamvetsa kuti kupanga mafuta ndi chinthu osiyana.

Mpweya amachitira ndi zinthu pafupifupi onse yosavuta zovuta zina kuposa mpweya inert ndi zitsulo mfulu.

mpweya kukhala mu chikhalidwe

Pakati pa mbali zonse za dziko lathuli akuchita gawo lalikulu kwambiri oxygen. Mpweya kufalitsidwa mu chikhalidwe ndi kusintha kwambiri. Mwa mawonekedwe omangidwa, komanso ufulu. Monga ulamuliro, pokhala oxidant kwambiri, mu chikhalidwe adzamangidwa. Mpweya kukhala mu chikhalidwe zimabweretsa osiyana unbound analemba yekha mu chikhalidwe cha dziko.

Ali mawonekedwe a mafuta ndi umaimira kugwirizana maatomu awiri oxygen. Ndi 21% buku okwana m'mlengalenga.

Mpweya mu mlengalenga, kuwonjezera mawonekedwe nthawi zonse, ali mawonekedwe isotropic mu mawonekedwe a ozoni. The Mpweya umene molekyulu tichipeza maatomu mpweya atatu. Mtundu buluu za mlengalenga mwachindunji zokhudzana pamaso pa pawiri ili m'mwamba. Chifukwa ozoni, okhwima yochepa yoweyula kutentha kwa dzuwa wathu chosakanikirana ndi osazindikira pamwamba.

Popeza moyo ozoni organic akanati zikadzawonongedwa, ofanana ndi zakudya yokazinga mu uvuni mayikirowevu.

The hydrosphere dziko mchitidwe umenewu uli mwa mawonekedwe omangidwa ndi tinthu awiri a haidrojini ndi ndipamene madzi. Chiwerengero cha mpweya m'nyanja, mitsinje ndi pansi Akuti za 86- 89%, kutenga nkhani mchere.

Mu kutumphuka mpweya umakhala womangidwa, ndi chinthu wamba. cholowa ndi za 47%. mpweya kukhala mu chikhalidwe si m'makola mwawo wa dzikoli, item ili m'gulu anthu onse organic. cholowa mu pafupifupi ukufika 67% ya kulemera okwana zinthu zonse.

Mpweya - maziko a moyo

Chifukwa mkulu ntchito oxidizing mpweya wokwanira Chili mosavuta ndi zinthu zambiri ndi zinthu kupanga oxides. Mkulu makutidwe ndi okosijeni mphamvu mchitidwe amapereka ndondomeko odziwika a moto. Oxygen nawo ntchito ndondomeko makutidwe ndi okosijeni pang'onopang'ono.

udindo wa oxygen zachilengedwe wamphamvu wothandizila oxidizing ndi irreplaceable mu ndondomeko ya ntchito yofunika kwa zinthu zamoyo. Kudzera ndondomeko mankhwala ichi, wothandizila makutidwe ndi okosijeni, kumasuka mphamvu. zamoyo wake wamoyo ntchito pamoyo wawo.

Zomera - kasupe wa mpweya mu mlengalenga

Pa siteji koyamba mapangidwe zinkakhalira dziko mpweya wathu analipo boma omangidwa mu mawonekedwe a mpweya woipa (mpweya woipa). M'kupita kwa nthawi, zomera ankatha kungolandira mpweya.

Zimenezi anapangidwa zikomo zotheka kuti zikamera wa dzuwa. M'kupita kwa nthawi, mu moyo wa zomera kwa zaka mamilioni mu m'mlengalenga anapeza wambirimbiri ufulu oxygen.

Malinga ndi asayansi, m'mbuyomu, kulemera kwake chiwerengero anafika 30%, ndi nthawi theka kuposa tsopano. Zomera, onse m'mbuyomu ndipo tsopano, zinakhudza mpweya mkombero mu chikhalidwe, motero zosiyanasiyana nyama ndi zomera za padziko lathuli.

mtengo mpweya mu chikhalidwe ndi yaikulu, ndipo ndiyofunikila. dongosolo zinyama kagayidwe kachakudya momveka bwino potengera pamaso pa mpweya m'mlengalenga. Sanamwe, moyo kumakhala kovuta mu mawonekedwe zimene timadziwa. M'gulu la anthu dziko Posachedwa anaerobic (ndi moyo popanda kukhalapo kwa mpweya) zamoyo.

Tima mpweya mkombero m'chilengedwe malinga ndi m'madera atatu a loitanirana kuphatikiza ndi zinthu zina. Monga oxidizer kwambiri, mosavuta kwambiri amapita ku ufulu mawonekedwe kugwirizana. Ndipo okha zikomo kwa zomera, amene lamamatira ndi dzuwa carbon dioxide, ilipo mu mawonekedwe ufulu.

kupuma nyama ndi tizilombo ndondomeko zachokera chiphaso cha mpweya unbound kuti zochita ndi makutidwe ndi okosijeni-kuchepetsa, kenako kupeza mphamvu kupereka chamoyo. mpweya umunthu mu uthunthu, womangidwa ndi ufulu, amapereka wathunthu ntchito yofunika zamoyo zonse padziko lapansi.

Evolution ndi "zasayansi" a dziko

Kusinthika kwa zamoyo padziko lino anadalira zikuchokera yeniyeni ya m'mlengalenga, mchere zikuchokera ndi madzi mu chikhalidwe madzi. Mipweya ya matanthwe a, m'mlengalenga ndi kukhalapo kwa madzi chinadzakhala maziko a chiyambi cha moyo pa dziko ndipo anatsimikiza malangizo a zamoyo wa zamoyo.

Kuchokera pa zilipo "zasayansi" dziko kusanduka anafika mpweya wa zamoyo zochokera madzi monga zosungunulira, mankhwala, komanso ntchito mpweya monga oxidant kutulutsa mphamvu.

kusanduka wina

Pa nthawi imeneyi sayansi yamakono samakana ndi kuthekera kwa moyo mapangidwe ena kuposa zinthu zakuthambo, komwe maziko yomanga molekyulu ndi organic akhoza kudzipereka pakachitsulo kapena Arsenic. A sing'anga madzi monga zosungunulira mwina osakaniza la ammonia madzi ndi helium. Koma m'mlengalenga, mwina akuimira mu mawonekedwe a mpweya wa hydrogen ndi wodetsedwa ya helium ndi mpweya wina.

Amene njira kagayidwe kachakudya akhoza kukhala m'mikhalidwe yoteroyo kuti sayansi masiku ano koma amatha chitsanzo. Komabe, mbali iyi ya zamoyo wa moyo alandiridwa ndithu. Monga chimaoneka ndi nthawi, anthu nthawi zonse anakumana ndi kukula kwa malire a kumvetsa kwathu kwa dziko ndi zamoyo zonse.