Mpweya mkombero m'chilengedwe

Kuboma mu 1774, Chingerezi sayansi Dzhozefom Pristli mpweya (O2) chatsegulidwa. Chifukwa cha zatsopano ikuchitika mu chotengera chatsekedwa ndi okusayidi Mercury, mchikakamizo cha dzuwa imatsogoleredwa mandala inali kufalikira: 2HgO → O2 ↑ + 2Hg. Nkhanizi gaseous amakhala ndi osalimba pa zinthu zachilendo 0.00142897 g / cm³, ndi molar buku la 14,0 cm³ / Mfuko, mfundo kusungunuka kwa opanda 218,2 ° C ndi kutentha kuwira opanda 182,81 ° C. Molar misa ndi wofanana 15,9994 g / mol. Khalidwe lalikulu la mpweya - ndi mphamvu yake oxidize zinthu zosiyanasiyana. Monga yogwira sanali zitsulo, O2 amachitira ndi zitsulo onse ndi mapangidwe oxides zikuluzikulu ndi amphoteric, komanso onse amene sanali zitsulo (ena kuposa halogen) kupeza oxides asidi kapena nesoleobrazuyuschie.

Mpweya m'gulu la zoposa zikwi zinthu monga ambiri mu mchitidwe dziko mankhwala. Iye ndi membala wa mankhwala osiyanasiyana mankhwala (pali oposa chikwi chimodzi mazana asanu). Okhutira olimba a O2 kutumphuka lapansi liri 47,4%. Mu m'madzi ndi madzi atsopano a cholowa mu nkhani omangidwa boma kuti 88,8% ndi kulemera. Mu chikhalidwe cha oxygen mu mkhalidwe free, ndi wofanana ndi buku kachigawo pafupifupi 21%, ndipo misa - 23,1%. Ndi constituent zofunika zinthu organic amene amapezeka pa foni wamoyo. Ndi buku, mu limene wasungira 25% ndipo 65% ndi kulemera. mpweya mkombero m'chilengedwe chifukwa ntchito zake mankhwala.

The mkombero ndi mndandanda wa kusintha zinthu, chifukwa cha zomwe Libwerere ku poyambira, ndi akubwereza njira lonse. Oxygen biogeochemical mkombero apaulendo. Kudzera umadutsa O2 biotic ndalama zinthu zachilengedwe zonse (za biosphere, kapena zone ya moyo padziko lapansi) abiotic (lithosphere, m'mlengalenga ndi hydrosphere) chilengedwe. mpweya mkombero limafotokoza kayendedwe zake hydrosphere ndi (unyinji wa madzi ili pansi ndi pamwamba pa), m'mlengalenga (mpweya) mu biosphere ndi (ndalama lonse zinthu zachilengedwe zonse) ndi lithosphere (kutumphuka). Kupondelezedwa kwa dongosolo mu hydrosphere kungachititse kuti hypoxic (otsika O2) m'madera a nyanja yaikulu ndi nyanja. Waukulu galimoto Chinthu ndi dzuwa.

kachitidwe zachilengedwe (m'chilengedwe) ndi zambiri m'zinthu biogeochemical, ntchito mu zikuchokera awo. Mwachitsanzo, vuto madzi, vuto la mpweya, makope asafe, mpweya, etc. zinthu zonse mankhwala ndi njira, yomwe ndi mbali m'zinthu biogeochemical. Iwo ali mbali ya zamoyo, komanso adutsa m'chilengedwe abiotic chilengedwe. Izi ndi madzi (hydrosphere), kutumphuka dziko lapansi (a lithosphere) ndi mpweya (mpweya). Zamoyo lembani chigoba cha Earth wotchedwa biosphere. zakudya zonse monga mpweya, asafe, mpweya phosphorous, ndi sulfure, zimagwirira ntchito ndi mbali ya dongosolo chatsekedwa, kotero iwo zobwezerezedwanso ndipo sindinataye ndi kudzadza mosalekeza, monga mwa dongosolo lotseguka.

The mosungiramo waukulu O2 (99,5%) ndi khungwa ndi dziko lapansi chovala, chomwe uli mu silicate ndi okusayidi mchere. mpweya ingress mkombero anapereka mbali yaing'ono chabe mu mawonekedwe a ufulu O2 mu biosphere (0.01%) ndi mpweya (0.36%). Ndiwo O2 mumlengalenga ndi ufulu photosynthesis. Zamgululi zake ziri organic zinthu ndi ufulu mpweya anapanga ku mpweya woipa komanso madzi: 6CO2 + 6H2O + mphamvu → C6H12O6 + 6O2.

Pakuti mkombero mpweya biosphere zimasonyeza zomera dziko, timayandama ndi nyanja. Ting'onoting'ono m'madzi cyanobacteria (buluu wobiriwira algae) Prochlorococcus, kukula kwa 0,6 microns, anali tidaonera mu chaka cha 1986. Iwo chifukwa cha oposa theka pa zinthu za dzuwa mu nyanja lotseguka. Chinanso wa zilipo mumlengalenga oxygen chodabwitsa photolysis (mankhwala anachita chifukwa cha zochita za photons). Chifukwa cha madzi mumlengalenga ndi nitrous oxide ndi dissociated mu maatomu constituent, wa hydrogen (H) ndi asafe (N) malo awo achotsedwa ndipo O2 mu mlengalenga ndi: 2H2O + mphamvu → 4H + O2 ndi 2N2O + mphamvu → 4N + O2. Atmospheric mpweya chimadyedwa ufulu zamoyo mu njira kupuma ndi kuwola. Lithosphere amagwiritsa ufulu O2 chifukwa cha weathering ndi pamwamba zosiyanasiyana mankhwala. Mwachitsanzo, chimadyedwa mu mapangidwe a oxides chitsulo (dzimbiri): 4FeO + O2 → 2Fe2O3 kapena oxides ena zitsulo ndi nonmetals.

mpweya mkombero ilinso ndi kuzungulira pakati pa lithosphere ndi biosphere. zamoyo zamoyo biosphere amatumikira monga magwero a kashiamu carbonate (CaCO3), amene ali olemera mu O2. Pamene thupi lifa, chigoba chake kuuzenga kwa pansi osaya nyanja kumene nthawi yaitali kupanga laimu (chitayiko kutumphuka). njira Weathering anayambitsa biosphere amathanso wachotsa ufulu mpweya wa lithosphere lapansi. Nyama ndi zomera anachira zakudya ku chitayiko ndi kumasulidwa mpweya.