Kapangidwe ka kutumphuka dziko lapansi

Malinga ndi mfundo ano, dziko lathuli nthaka imakhala zigawo zingapo - Geospheres. Iwo amasiyana katundu wawo thupi, mankhwala zikuchokera ndi boma la loitanirana. Pakati pa Dziko Lapansi ndi pakati, kenako chovala, ndiye - lapansi kutumphuka, hydrosphere ndi mlengalenga.

M'nkhaniyi tiona kapangidwe ka kutumphuka dziko lapansi, amene ali kumtunda lithosphere lapansi. Bwaloli lakunja olimba chipolopolo cha lonse, mphamvu ya zomwe ndi otsika (1.5%) kuti angayerekezedwe ndi filimu woonda padziko lonse. Komabe, ngakhale, ndi wosanjikiza pamwamba pa matanthwe a dzikoli chidwi chachikulu pa anthu monga gwero la mchere.

makungwa ndi malo conventionally ogaŵikana zigawo zitatu, omwe m'njira yakeyake chidwi.

1. Top wosanjikiza - matope. Akafika ndi makulidwe a ku 0 20 Km. miyala nyanja anapanga chifukwa mafunsidwe a zinthu pa dziko, kapena sedimentation awo pansi pa hydrosphere lapansi. Ali mbali ya matanthwe a pansi padziko, atagona zigawo ake motsatizana.
2. Middle wosanjikiza - lubwe. wochindikala siyana 10 40 Km. Izi igneous thanthwe wosanjikiza molimba aumbike mwa chiphalaphala mapiri wotsatira solidification mu dziko chachikulu pa kuthamanga ndi kutentha.
3. Wosanjikiza pansi, mbali ya kapangidwe ka matanthwe a - basalt, nayenso, ali ndi chiyambi magmatic. Imakhala ndi kuchuluka wamkulu wa calcium, chitsulo ndi magnesium, ndi misa ndi woposa wa thanthwe lubwe.

Kapangidwe ka kutumphuka dziko lapansi sali yemweyo kulikonse. Makamaka kusiyana chidwi ndi zikuluzikulu kutumphuka ndi chokhala. Mu nyanja ya kutumphuka ndi n'kakang'ono ndi thicker pansi lonselo. Ilo liri ndi makulidwe kwambiri m'madera a m'mapiri.

Kapangidwe ka kutumphuka zikuluzikulu tichipeza zigawo ziwiri - nyanja ndi basaltic. Mu basalt wosanjikiza ndi Mokho pamwamba, kenako chovala chapamwamba. Seafloor ali ndi kobvuta mitundu mpumulo. Mwa zonse zosiyanasiyana awo zatenga malo apadera yaikulu m'ma nyanja zitunda, kumene chovala cha akutulukira wamng'ono basaltic zikuluzikulu kutumphuka. Chiphalaphala angapeze pamwamba kupyolera mtima pansi vuto - kugaŵikana kuti umadutsa pakatikati pa lokwera limodzi nsonga ya. Kunja chiphalaphala chafalikiradi, potero zonse kukankhira chigwa makoma popanda. Zimenezi amatchedwa "kufalitsa".

Crustal kapangidwe ndi zovuta zambiri za m'maiko kuposa pansi m'nyanja. The kutumphuka chokhala ali ndi dera laling'ono kwambiri kuposa nyanja - 40% ya padziko lapansi, koma ali ndi mphamvu wokulirapo. Pansi miyala akafika ndi makulidwe a 60-70 Km. The kutumphuka chokhala ali ndi atatu wosanjikiza dongosolo - ndi chitayiko wosanjikiza, lubwe ndi basalt. M'zigawo, wotchedwa zishango, lubwe wosanjikiza ndi pamwamba pa madzi. Chitsanzo - ndi Baltic Chikopa, anamanga miyala lubwe.

M'madzi kwambiri m'dzikoli - shelufu ali ndi chokhala crustal dongosolo. Pamafunikanso ndi Kalimantan, New Zealand, New Guinea, Sulawesi, Greenland, Madagascar, Sakhalin, etc. Monga komanso mkati ndi mmphepete nyanja .: The Mediterranean, Nyanja ya Azov, Nyanja Black.

Wosanjikiza malire pakati pa lubwe ndi basalt zingakhale pang'ono, popeza ali ndi mlingo wofanana wa mafunde zivomerezi, amene anatsimikiza ndi osalimba a zigawo lapansi ndi zikuchokera awo. Basalt Mokho wosanjikiza anakumana ndi pamwamba. Chitayiko wosanjikiza mwina thicknesses osiyana, malingana ndi ili pomwepo landforms. M'phiri, Mwachitsanzo, kapena kwathu kapena kwina, kapena ali ndi makulidwe ochepa, popeza kuti particles lotayirira imakhudzidwa kunsi pamodzi malo otsetsereka mchikakamizo cha mphamvu kunja. Koma ali wamphamvu kwambiri mu foothill m'madera m'maenje ndi matendawa,. Choncho, ndi Caspian maganizo akafika 22 Km.