Mankhwala opangidwa ndi Mpweya umene. Mpweya umene structural chilinganizo

Pamwamba mitu yathu, mu stratosphere pamalo okwera 19-48 Km wa dziko wazunguliridwa ndi Mpweya umene. Ndi mtundu wa oxygen. Ngati mpweya molekyulu mu mlengalenga imakhala maatomu awiri mpweya pamodzi - O2, molekyulu kuti ndi maatomu atatu anasankha chilinganizo Mpweya umene - O3. Iwo amalenga dzuwa. Pamene cheza ultraviolet kwa dzuwa chimadutsa m'mlengalenga, iwo kuwononga yachibadwa mamolekyulu diatomic wa oxygen. Aliyense atomu ukapolo zaikidwa ndi O2 pafupi. Choncho kupanga chilinganizo mankhwala Mpweya umene - O3.

Mpweya umene ndi chiyani?

Anatsegula kwa nthawi yoyamba imeneyi Fabry mpweya French sayansi ndi Bruisson. Iwo mu 1913, padatsimikiza kuti kuwala kwa dzuwa kukhala timaganiza za 200 mpaka 300 nm mwachangu odzipereka m'mlengalenga. Mawu akuti "Mpweya umene" m'Chigiriki amatanthauza "onunkhira", "okoma". Aliyense akudziwa fungo khalidwe la gasi, kunachitika pambuyo mkuntho. Masiku ano mpweya mu mlengalenga m'njira zitatu allotropic: O2 - maselo, O - atomiki ndi O3 - Mpweya umene chilinganizo amene analandira ndi osakaniza mankhwala oyamba awiri.

katundu gasi

Ozoni ndi woonda zokwanira, pafupifupi imperceptible. Ngati zonse mamolekyulu mpweya umenewu, umene zatenga 29 Km malo, ogwirizana mu dera limodzi olimba, wochindikala linkadzaza yekha wachitatu wa centimeter a. A kuchuluka kwa Mpweya umene mu mlengalenga pamwamba Dziko Lapansi. Pamene utsi wa galimoto mpweya kapena akhoza panamveka mu mlengalenga, dzuwa amachitira ndi zinthu mankhwala umuna, ndipamene ozoni. Iye makamaka anamva tsiku lotentha, mpweya wodzazidwa ndi chifunga, chifukwa akafika milingo pangozi thanzi. Chilinganizo Mpweya umene mankhwala ndi thupi wosakhazikika, ndipo pamene ndende zake mpweya wa chimaphulika kuposa 9% mpweya, kotero yosungirako ake n'chotheka pa otsika kutentha. Pa yozizira ⁰ C -111,9 mpweya ndi n'kukhala madzi.

owonjezera ozoni

Munthu sangakhoze kukhala moyo mu mpweya koyera, lipindulitsa pang'ono Mpweya umene mlengalenga, koma ndende kwambiri za izo kungasokoneze. Pokoka mpweya si koyenera, chifukwa mawonekedwe mpweya ingawononge mapapo. Othamanga amene pokoka mpweya wambirimbiri mpweya ladzala ndi Mpweya umene angadandaule ululu mwamphamvu ndi pa inhalation. Mitengo ndi zomera kukula pamodzi msewu, kumene mlengalenga ladzala ndi utsi fumes, nayenso, akuvutika kuchokera owonjezera ozoni. Izi khalidwe la mafuta pamwamba lapansi. Elemental nkhani zake (gawo limodzi la izo kwa mamiliyoni ambiri m'madera ena mpweya) kumatanthauza njira zobwera chifukwa cha okosijeni wochitika pa mlingo ma mu thupi la munthu. Dongosolo Mpweya umene amachita ngati wothandizira oxidizing chimodzi chokha mpweya atomu ndi otsala awiri zigwire mu mawonekedwe a ufulu oxygen.

zothandiza zimatha

Mu ntchito mpweya kwathunthu oyera m'nyumba ofufuza anaona kuwonjezera chiwerengero cha matenda ziri momwemo. chifukwa linali losavuta - kusapezeka kwa Mpweya umene mu mlengalenga woyeretsedwa zachititsa kuti chisokonezo mu thupi. Zonse Mlingo ka mpweya ndi zothandiza kupewa matenda.

Kodi zotsatira za mafuta? Popeza zotsatira za zatsopano izi, asayansi kuona kuti Mpweya umene kumabweretsa kuwonongedwa kwa pafupifupi onse alipo mu chikhalidwe cha mavairasi, mabakiteriya, mogwirizana ndi nkhungu bowa yisiti. Patangotha mphindi zochepa chabe mbali yaing'ono (chilinganizo Mpweya umene O3) mu lita imodzi ya mpweya kumatha onse oopsa kwa anthu. Pambuyo ozonation - masoka njira wamba kwa thupi. Ngakhale pa chipinda Mpweya umene freshens mpweya zayamba amachotsa angathe kutenga matenda kuti akutsatiridwa ndi m'malovu, neutralises utsi wambiri, fumbi ndi allergens, zitsulo ndi zina zoipa zigawo mpweya anthu. Decomposing madzi, mpweya ndi carbon dioxide, mankhwala awa kutaya kawopsedwe awo, fungo zosasangalatsa achotsedwa. Popeza Mpweya umene chilinganizo mu zimapangidwira, umatha mkulu makutidwe ndi okosijeni ayamba ntchito disinfection wa mpweya ndi madzi akumwa.

Gulu pa mtunda wa makilomita 20 pa nthaka ya dziko Ndipotu, kuteteza moyo wathu kuti zimatenga cheza ultraviolet. Chili ngati fyuluta, kuteteza Earth ku cheza zoipa ultraviolet. Popanda zoteteza wosanjikiza moyo pa dziko sizingatheke. Inatsimikizira kuti zomera ndi nyama Padziko Lapansi kokha pamene anapanga amphamvu chishango kamodzi izo ku cheza dzuwa. Kuwala amathandiza khungu kuti tikhale ndi Satana zabwino, koma pa nthawi yomweyo, ndiye zikuoneka kuti chifukwa chachikulu kake kakupsa ndi dzuwa ndi kuyambitsa khansa ya pakhungu.

Una ozoni

Mu zaka 70 asayansi kuphunzira ozoni pa dziko, anapeza kuti mankhwala amene amagwiritsidwa ntchito refrigerators, conditioners mpweya ndi aerosols, akhoza kuwononga ozoni. Mipweya kulowa mpweya pa wina ndi kukonza yatsoka mwa zipangizozi kapena kutsitsi osiyana aerosol. Malinga ndi asayansi, mipweya zoipa, kenako kufika mamolekyulu ozoni. Choncho dzuwa cheza Mabuku a chlorine-fluorine chlorine chimasanduka, amene wawononga Mpweya umene structural kachitidwe, akatembenuka mu mpweya wamba. Choncho, wosanjikiza chitetezo waonongeka. Ngakhale pambuyo pa zaka 15, asayansi a ku Britain kuti anapeza odabwitsa: dzenje yaikulu ozoni pa Antarctica anaikidwa. dzenje Zikuoneka kasupe aliyense ndi kufika kukula pafupifupi gawo US. Pamene kusintha mphepo malangizo chifukwa cha kusintha kwa nyengo, dzenje ladzala ndi tinthu Mpweya umene kachiwiri. Choncho angapo mamolekyulu chimadzaza dzenje, monganso m'madera ena a mafuta wosanjikiza amakhala n'kakang'ono.

Kodi likuoneka kuchepetsa wosanjikiza atetezeke?

M'nyengo yozizira 1992 ozoni pa Europe ndi Canada wakhala n'kakang'ono ndi 20%. M'madera amene wosanjikiza ndi wandiweyani cheza zokwanira ndi wamphamvu ndi zosefera kwambiri kwambiri kumawonjezera chiwerengero cha khansa ya pakhungu. Pamwamba pa Antarctica asayansi analemba misinkhu kwambiri mkulu wa chlorine monoxide, amene anapanga ndi chiwonongeko cha Mpweya umene ndi chlorine. Akatswiri ofufuza amanena kuti imfa ya% 1 yekha wa wosanjikiza atetezeke amatsogolera ndi kuwonjezeka mu kukhudzana ndi dziko lapansi cheza ultraviolet pa 2%, ndi izo, 3-6% kumaonjezera kuchuluka kwa khansa ya pakhungu. Ultraviolet poizoniyu komanso wawononga chitetezo cha m'thupi, kupanga munthu osatetezeka ku matenda. Kuwala ingawononge maselo a zomera zonse, kwa udzu ndi mitengo.

Popeza ozoni nayo kutentha, pamene ikuchepa mpweya pa ufulu lino utakhazikika kusintha mphepo ndi nyengo padziko lonse. N'zovuta kuneneratu zimene zimakhudza zikutha m'mayiko wosanjikiza pa nyengo m'tsogolo, ofufuza kulosera mabacteria zachilengedwe kuyanika, imfa ya mbali ya zomera ndi osakwanira kuchuluka kwa chakudya ngati vuto chiwonongeko cha gasi ndi kuthetsedwa. Ngakhale pa kuchotsa ntchito anthu kuti zotsatira mu mpweya kuti awononge wosanjikiza zodzitetezera zingafunike osachepera 100 m kubwerera ku mlingo m'mbuyomu.