Zizindikiro za zinthu mankhwala ndi mfundo za lakuti awo

Zimapangidwira, monga sayansi chilichonse, amafuna mwatsatanetsatane. malipoti dongosolo m'dera la chidziwitso analongosola kwa zaka zambiri, ndi kwa tsiku muyezo ndi dongosolo wokometsedwa kuti muli zonse zofunika kuti anapitiriza ntchito ongolankhula ndi aliyense walowa makamaka.

Polemba mitunduyi ndi maikwezhoni kungakhale kovuta kwambiri kugwiritsa ntchito dzina lonse la mankhwala, ndipo tsopano ntchito imeneyi limodzi kapena awiri makalata - zizindikiro mankhwala zinthu.

nkhani

Kale, komanso Zapakati, akatswiri ntchito fano chophiphiritsa kuti mbali zosiyana, koma zizindikiro izi sizinali yovomerezeka. Only kwa atumwi XIII, kuyesa dongosolo zinthu zizindikiro ndi nyengo, ndi XV m'ma zitsulo chatsopanochi anayamba kukonzedwa zilembo woyamba wa mayina awo. A njira zofanana ntchito mayina a mankhwala masiku ano.

The zikuchitika a dongosolo dzina

Pakali pano, pali zambiri kuposa zana ndi makumi awiri a zinthu mankhwala, ena akupezeka mu chikhalidwe ndi mabvuto kwambiri. N'zosadabwitsa pakati za sayansi XIX atumwi ankadziwa za kukhalako 63 okha a iwo, ndipo panalibe dzina limodzi la kachitidwe kapena mankhwala deta olimba malipoti dongosolo.

Vuto yachiwiriyi kuthetsedwa mu theka lachiwiri la m'nthawi yomweyo Russian wasayansi D. I. Mendeleev, zochokera zinalephereka zoyesayesa akalambula. pano ndondomeko akupitiriza lero - pali zinthu zingapo anawerengedwa kuyambira 119 ndi apamwamba, chizindikiro tebulo Latin kuchepetsa ndondomeko nambala yake. zizindikiro katchulidwe ka zinthu mankhwala gulu ikuchitika ndi kuwerenga malamulo a mawerengero a Latin: 119 - ununennium (kutanthauza "zana ndi chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chinayi.") 120 - unbinilium ( "zana ndi makumi awiri limodzi") ndi zina zotero.

Wochuluka kwa zinthu ndi dzina lachokera ku Latin, Greek, Arabic, mizu German, zina zimasonyeza cholinga makhalidwe a mankhwala, pamene ena amachita ngati palibe zolinga m'nkhaniyi.

The etymology ena zinthu

Monga tanena, ena mwa maina ndi zizindikiro za zinthu zochokera zizindikiro mwachikulu kuziona.

phosphorous dzina, muli mu mdima, limachokera ku mawu a Chigiriki "kubweretsa kuwala". Pamene m'chinenero cha Russian amapezeka kwambiri ndithu "kulankhula" maina: chlorine - "wobiriwira" bromine - "chonunkha" rubidium - "mdima wofiira" indium - "enaake". Popeza zizindikiro mankhwala zinthu apatsidwa zilembo Latin, dzina kugwirizana mwachindunji ndi mfundo chotengera cha chinenero cha Chirasha zambiri amaona.

Palinso zobisika kwambiri kucheza ndi dzina. Choncho, selenium dzina amachokera ku mawu achigiriki otanthauza "mwezi." Zimenezi zinachitika chifukwa chakuti chikhalidwe cha zinthu tellurium ndi mnzake, dzina Greek amatanthauza "Land".

Mofananamo dzina lake ndi niobium. Malinga ndi Agiriki, Niobe - mwana wa Tantalus. Chemical mchitidwe tantalum chatsegulidwa kale ndi katundu wake ofanana niobium - kotero tikadziwe kugwirizana "bambo mwana wamkazi" anali ntchito pa "ubwenzi" wa zinthu mankhwala.

Komanso, tantalum, dzina lake linali kulemekeza khalidwe wotchuka m'nthano si mwangozi. mfundo ndi yakuti kupeza chinthu ichi mu maonekedwe ake angwiro zinali zovuta kwambiri moti asayansi ndipo anapempha phraseologisms "chimaoneka".

Wina chidwi mbiriyakale ndi dzina pulatinamu kwenikweni likumasuliridwa kuti "serebrishko" T. E. Zofanana, koma si wofunika kwambiri ngati siliva. Chifukwa chake n'chakuti zitsulo isungunuke siliva ndi kovuta kwambiri, koma chifukwa kwa nthawi yaitali sanathe kupeza ntchito ndi phindu lochepa.

Mfundo Cacikulu pano zinthu

Tikayang'ana pa tebulo nthawi ya chinthu choyamba chimene zakusangalatsani - mayina ndi zizindikiro za zinthu mankhwala. Izo nthawizonse makalata imodzi kapena ziwiri, yoyamba - mutu. Posankha makalata anachititsa dzina Latin wa mchitidwe wa. Ngakhale kuti mizu ya mawu kubwera kuchokera Greek ndi ku Latin, ndi zinenero zina, mathero Latin akuwonjezeka maina muyezo kwa iwo.

N'zochititsa chidwi kuti ambiri zizindikiro chotengera cha chinenero cha Chirasha adzakhala mwachilengedwe: zotayidwa, nthaka calcium, kapena mankhwala enaake a sukulu mosavuta amakumbukira nthawi yoyamba. Limbikirani zilili ndi maina awo, amene amasiyana Russian ndi Latin Baibulo. wophunzirayo akhoza sakhala pomwepo ukakumbukira kuti pakachitsulo - ndi Silicium ndi Mercury - gidrargirum. Komabe, m'pofunika kukumbukira - chizindikiro likutipatsa aliyense mchitidwe lolunjika pa Latin dzina la thunthu, umene zinkapezeka mu mitunduyi mankhwala ndi zochita monga Si ndipo Hg motero.

Kukumbukira mayina ophunzira amenewa ndi othandiza kuchita Zochita monga "Gwirizanitsani chizindikiro cha mankhwala amafotokozera ndi dzina lake."

njira zina dzina

Maina a ena a zinthu anachokera ku Chiarabu ndipo anali "stylized" pansi pa Latin. Mwachitsanzo, sodium walandira dzina kuchokera ku muzu m'munsi kutanthauza "sati abwera liti wothandizira." Magwero Arab akhoza inachokera mu maina a potaziyamu ndi zirconium.

Chikoka Chake anali ndi German. Kuyambira pano mwangozi zinthu monga manganese, cobalt, faifi tambala, nthaka, tungsten. Kugwirizana zomveka si nthawi zonse zoonekeratu Mwachitsanzo, faifi tambala - ndi chidule cha mawu, kutanthauza "mkuwa mdierekezi."

Nthawi zina, mayina amasuliridwa Russian monga kutsatira pepala: gidrogenium (kutanthauza "kubereka madzi") anasanduka hydrogen ndi karboneum - mpweya.

Mayina ndi maina malo

zinthu zoposa khumi ali ndi mayina asayansi osiyanasiyana, kuphatikizapo Albert Einstein, Dmitri Mendeleev, Enrico Fermi, Alfred Nobel, Ernest Rutherford, Niels Bohr, Mariya Kyuri ndi ena.

Mayina ena kusanduka kuchokera manauni ena oyenera: maina a midzi, States ndi mayiko. Mwachitsanzo: Muscovy, Dubna, europium, tenessin. Osati maina onse malo ngati bwino kuti kuchigwiritsa a Russian: nkomwe munthu wopanda maphunziro chikhalidwe amaphunzira mawu Nihon kudzikonda Japan - Nihon (anayatsa. Dziko la Kutuluka Sun), ndipo hafnium - Latin buku la Copenhagen. Ngakhale dziko dzina mu mawu ruthenium - si chinthu chophweka. Komabe, Russia mu Latin amatchedwa ruthenium, ndipo dzina lake polemekeza mankhwala ake 44 amafotokozera.

Kupezeka mu tebulo zodziwitsa ndi maina a zinthu zakuthambo: mlengalenga, Uranus, Neptune, Pluto, Ceres, ndi asteroid Sitimayo inagunda. Kupatula pa maina a anthu otchulidwa Agiriki (tantalum, niobium), kukumana ndi Scandinavia: thorium, vanadium.

zodziwitsa tebulo

Mu bwino kwa ife lero, tebulo nthawi, wodziwika ndi dzina la wotchedwa Dmitry Ivanovich Mendeleyev, zinthu anapereka m'mizere ndi nthawi. Mukachipinda, chinthu mankhwala amaimira chizindikiro mankhwala, pafupi ndi zomwe deta ena anapereka: dzina lake lonse, nambala siriyo, kufalitsa zigawo za ma elekitironi, wachibale atomiki misa. Mukachipinda ali mtundu wake, amene zimadalira s- allocated, p-, d- ndi f- amafotokozera.

mfundo kujambula

Powerenga isotopes ndi isobars pamwamba kumanzere wachibale amafotokozera chizindikiro aikidwa misa chiwerengero - chiwerengero cha mapulotoni neutrons mu phata la. Pamene aikidwa kumanzere pansi atomiki chiwerengero loimira chiwerengero cha mapulotoni.

kuyang'anira ion zalembedwa pa pamwamba pomwe, ndipo kumbali imodzi kuchokera pansi zikusonyeza chiwerengero cha maatomu. Zizindikiro za zinthu zimachitikira nthawi zonse kuyamba ndi likulu kalata.

Mabaibulo National kujambula

M'dera Asia-Pacific ali spellings zosiyanasiyana za zizindikiro za zinthu mankhwala zochokera njira yapafupi ya kulemba. Mu dongosolo Chinese zizindikiro angaoneke zizindikiro kwakukulu, kenako za anthu a phindu phonetic. otchulidwa zitsulo unachitika chizindikiro "zitsulo" kapena "golidi" mpweya - kwakukulu "nthunzi", nonmetals - Kanji "mwala".

M'mayiko European, palinso zinthu pamene zinthu kwa zizindikiro kujambula amasiyana olembedwa mu magome lonse. Mwachitsanzo, mu France, asafe, tungsten ndi beryllium maina awo mu chiyankhulo cha Amalawi ndipo anatchulidwa zizindikiro yoyenera.

pomaliza

Pamene ndinali kuwerenga pa sukulu kapena bungwe maphunziro apamwamba, kukumbukira ndi mtima nkhani yonse ya tebulo zodziwitsa si chofunika. Kukumbukira ayenera kusunga zizindikiro mankhwala zinthu zimene nthawi zambiri amapezeka mu kachitidwe ndi maikwezhoni, ndi infrequent nthawi kuonera pa Intaneti kapena buku.

Komabe, kuti asalakwitse ndi chisokonezo, m'pofunika kudziwa mmene ndi structuring wa deta tebulo, umene chofunika kupeza deta gwero, kukumbukira dzina la zinthu zosiyanasiyana mu Russian ndi Baibulo Latin. Apo ayi, mwina mwangozi kuvomereza mg wa MN ndi N - pa sodium wochuluka.

Kuti zina zokhudzana ndi pa siteji koyamba, ndi Zochita. Mwachitsanzo, kulowa zizindikiro za zinthu mankhwala kuti mwangozi kutenga mutu ndondomeko ya tebulo nthawi. Mukamaphunzira kuona zonse adzagwera malo ndi funso kukumbukira zambiri zofunika idzapita palokha.