Angiosperms: zitsanzo. zomera maluwa

Gulu angiosperms anapanga miliyoni 125. Zaka zapitazo. Ndipo mpaka pano, pali mikangano za nthawi yeniyeni (nyengo) wa asayembekezere. Ena otchedwa nthawi Cretaceous, ena kulankhula za siteji yoyamba, zonena zawo wachitatu kenako.

Mosakayikira, chinthu chimodzi lakuti: gulu la zomera pamalo lalikulu ndipo anakakhala mwangwiro pa zidutswa zonse za dziko lapansi, kuyambira M'nkhalango zikuluzikulu kutsiriza ndi zipululu otentha ndi achisanu wa Africa ndi Arctic.

Kodi iwo, angiosperms? Zitsanzo, makhalidwe ndi katundu taxon gulu zafotokozedwa pansipa.

Angiosperms: mudziwe ambiri

Dzina la oimira gulu analandira mphamvu yake kusungira mbewu za zimakhala zofewa kapena zovuta za mwana wosabadwayo. Ndipotu malo maluwa, ndilo chizindikiro cha taxon popangidwa ndi zosiyanasiyana akalumikidzidwa ndi makulidwe, mtundu ndi zakudya mtengo wa kukonza. Iwo akutchedwa zipatso.

Chomera palokha - ndi kuthawa, kusiya dziko la dongosolo muzu ndipo ali ndi maluwa, mapulaniwo ndi masamba. Ubereki limba, amakhala kapangidwe ndi amalola kuti azolowere malo aliwonse ndi kugonjetsa madera atsopano kwa kuthetsa - ichi ndi maluwa.

More mwapang'onopang'ono dongosolo, amene anaonekera pa zamoyo mbali ndi zipangizo kulola oimira aithamangitse gymnosperms, ndere ndi fern. Lero, zomera dziko lathu chimakhala chogwidwa ndi wokongola, chowala, zosiyanasiyana moyo ndipamene angiosperms. Zitsanzo za izi kungachititse nthawi yaitali kwambiri, chifukwa anabadwa yekha ndi 13 zikwi. Mwachidule tinganene izi: zomera zonse ndi maluwa - izo angiosperms.

Angamulambirire dongosolo

Ziwalo waukulu ali membala aliyense wa gulu - iwo amene ali wamba onse zomera apamwamba: muzu, mapulaniwo, masamba. Kapangidwe zina anaonetsetsa angiosperms kuthekera sikukutanthauza madzi ndondomeko kuswana anali maluwa.

mbali maluwa, stipules, cholandirira, peduncle, corolla wa pamakhala, Mphukira, pistil, manyazi, stamens. Onse a nyumba awa ndi amodzi ziwalo zoberekera, komanso anthu amene zina n'kukhala mwana wosabadwayo, amene amateteza mbewu ku kukhwima.

Anthu kumvetsa zomera maluwa okongola kwambiri ndiponso mwachikondi, zosangalatsa fungo. Ntchito mankhwala a yopezera akupanga zothandiza atakula kuti apeze tsogolo yowutsa mudyo ndipo chokoma zipatso.

Zomera okha maluwa - zothandiza chiwalo chofunika, wotipulumutsa iwo kuchokera mmadzi, malingana ndi kuswana, chifukwa tsopano akuchita zimenezo ndi thandizo la umuna awiri. Zipatso kupereka chitetezo ndi kuteteza mbewu, komanso nawo kufalitsa awo ndi kudya nyama, ndi kuphatikiza chachikulu chimene chimasiyanitsa kapangidwe ka zomera angiosperm mwa ena.

Osiyana kapangidwe ka maluwa, ndi zosiyanasiyana awo angadwale njira ya kubereketsa zomera, zomwe zimachitika kufalitsa kwa omangidwa ndi kufalitsa zomera.

mbali

Ndithudi, zofunika kwambiri ndi odalirika luso kwa maluwa anali mapangidwe maluwa. Komabe, si chotero chokha, koma zizindikiro zina angiosperms akutsutsana kutsindika n'kutsimikizira ulamuliro wawo wa misa mwa zomera ndi. Monga Mwachitsanzo:

• Popeza bwino dongosolo conduction wopangidwa sieve zinthu phloem ndi minofu phloem. Zimenezi zimathandiza mofulumira kunyamula mchere koyenera ndi madzi komanso zinthu organic kulimbikitsa madera anakhumba mbewu ncholinga kusunga zina.
• Kuteteza nyumba mbewu pericarp, nthawi zambiri wandiweyani zooneka zipatso.
• The zosiyanasiyana za kubereketsa zomera (mphepo, tizilombo, nyama, mbalame, kudzikonda kubereketsa zomera, mtanda kubereketsa zomera, ndi ena).
• Ziwalo zoberekera (gametophytes) amatha kukhala mofulumira ndi chabe, ali pansi pa chitetezero cha mbewu sporophyte.
• The amuzolengedwa zikuchokera zimakhala. oimira ambiri muli poizoni alkaloids, flavonoids, oyaka, ndi zina zotero, zomwe zimawalepheretsa kudya nyama ndi sanawalole kupondereza kukula kwa zomera zina.
• Kapangidwe ka angiosperms zikuphatikizapo moyo wawo mwa njira zosiyana moyo - mitengo, zitsamba, tchire, zitsamba, udzu, mitengo.

zizindikiro zimenezi chosiyana kupanga gulu la zomera chotchuka kwambiri, Hardy, bwino ndinazolowera ndi resettlement. Komanso zofunika ndi zofunika kwa munthu ndi ntchito yake.

Gawo

Pali pa 250,000 mitundu angiosperms, ogwirizana kubadwa okwana 13,000 ku mabanja 350. Systematics ambiri okwanira taxa ndi owayimilira.

Gawo zachokera makalasi makamaka angiosperms, limene pali awiri:

• monocots;
• bipartite.

Lililonse kalasi ukufanizidwa ndi mabanja angapo, kuphatikizapo zosiyanasiyana moyo, ndi wamba m'madera onse.

Maphunziro dicots

Pamafunikanso angiosperm zomera, zitsanzo zomwe pafupifupi aliyense ali kunyumba mu mawonekedwe a maluwa potted. Iwo violets, begonias, spatifillyum, zomera mphira. Wa munda onse Rosaceae ndi Solanaceae, Cruciferae ndi Gulugufe, Compositae - rosehip, tomato, nkhaka, mbatata, kabichi, mphesa, biringanya, buckwheat ndi ena ambiri. Mwa mitundu ya mitengo komanso ndi zomera maluwa, zitsanzo: thundu, phulusa, mapulo, linden, birch ndi zina zotero. Chuma chofunika Oyimirira magwero a zipangizo wapatali yaiwisi: thonje nsalu, jute, Hevea, sinamoni, hemp, mlombwa ndi ena ambiri.

Total Dicotyledones ali pa 170 zikwi. Species, woimira pafupifupi 75% ya zomera zonse maluwa. Mu gulu gawo lawo 360 mabanja mu madongosolo 60 pooled 7 subclasses.

Zimaonetsa bipartite

Pali zingapo zofunika.

1. Kukhalapo mu mbewu Muzu awiri (amachepetsa). Izi makamaka zotheka kuona nyemba Mwachitsanzo mbewu. Pali mwaiwala zimene cotyledons imodzi kapena 3-4.
2. Mtundu wa mizu: ndodo. Iwo ali pafupifupi onse zomera deta maluwa. Zitsanzo zimene n'zosavuta kutsatira: tsabola, hemp, nettle, begonias, sipinachi ndi zina zotero. Kuchotserapo - mitundu nkhuni.
3. Flower pafupifupi onse yachinai kapena zisanu ziwalo. Kawirikawiri ena.

kalasi Monocotyledones

Pali pafupifupi 80 zikwi oimira osiyana, ogwirizana m'banja. Ambiri angiosperms wapatali, zitsanzo zomwe zotsatirazi: dzinthu onse, Liliaceae, Amaryllidaceae, Banana, Sedge, makhwatha kwambiri. Ndipo si mndandanda wonse, chifukwa banja lililonse zikuphatikizapo ambiri mitundu enieni oimira.

wamtengo wapatali adzasowa chakudya anthu dzinthu. Awa ndiwo ambiri nakulitsa mu chikhalidwe cha dziko: tirigu, mpunga, balere, rye, chimanga ndi ena.

mbali Kiyi Wa monocots

Pali chifungulo zingapo:

• mizu - fibrous, kupatulapo ochepa;
• masamba lanceolate, elongated;
• maluwa chapatatu kawirikawiri yachinai kapena awiri;
• Muzu wa mwana wosabadwayo yekha.

Makalasi a angiosperms ndi owayimilira ambiri amapanga zosiyanasiyana ndi kukongola kwa zomera, ndilo zabwino kusangalala ndi zimene amatipatsa moyo. Ndiko kulondola, chifukwa zomera kutulutsa mpweya, ndipo palibe nyama sangathe kukhala popanda mpweya izi.