The katundu chakudya. Ntchito ndi katundu chakudya: tebulo

Nyama zakuthengo sizachilendo, zinthu zambiri, kufunika kwa amene sangathe kukambapo. Mwachitsanzo, kuphatikizapo chakudya. Ndi ofunika kwambiri monga gwero mphamvu zinyama ndi anthu, ndipo ena katundu chakudya kuwapanga iwo kofunika kwambiri zopangira kwa mafakitale.

Ndi chiyani icho?

Izi zonse kapangidwe zinthu zimene tinganene kuti ndi chilinganizo CN _(H2O) m. Ndi zofunika kwambiri zamoyo masewero kwambiri miyoyo ya anthu ambiri amoyo.

Dzina la gulu la asayansi anabwera pambuyo kusanthula koyamba mankhwala chaonekera kuti lili. Ndiyeno anapeza kuti zigawo yaikulu ndi mpweya ndi madzi. Kenako anapezeka kuti mutu chasanduka kukhala enieni kwambiri, kuyambira katundu wa zimam'patsa ngati kuti chiŵerengero cha hydrogen ndi mpweya maatomu m'menemo kwathunthu zofanana kwa madzi. Mwachidule, pali mpweya wina, awiri maatomu wa hydrogen. Nthawi yoyamba Baibulo Russian dzina la anali akufuna mu 1844, Pulofesa K. Schmidt.

ena pokha-mvu

Ngati pang'ono kusintha chilinganizo pamwamba kutchula «N» wa m'mabokosi, ndi mawu adzakhala pang'ono osiyana: Onani (H ₂ O) N. Mwina, izo sizikanakhoza kukhala bwino amasonyeza akamanena za "khala - madzi" dzina.

Pakali pano, asayansi mbe kuti pali zinthu kuti ndi katundu chakudya, koma ndithu akufanana ndi chilinganizo anafotokoza ife. Ndipo chifukwa mabuku yachilendo wina zambiri inadza mawu "glycidyl" imene n'chimodzimodzi ndi amakono, 1844, amene sanali molondola kwambiri.

Gawo yosavuta

onse kalasi yaikulu zipangizo akhoza kugawidwa m'magulu awiri: yosavuta zovuta glycidyl. ndi katundu chakudya kuti zimachitika ati? Kwenikweni, iwo si yovuta kwambiri:

• Zambiri zinthu ndi anthu a gulu limene si amenable kuti hydrolysis ndi kuipa mapangidwe zina chakudya. Chachikulu kusiyana ndi chiwerengero cha maatomu mpweya dongosolo awo ofanana chiwerengero cha maatomu mpweya. Iwo anamutcha monosaccharides.
• Choncho, tanthawuzo la "zovuta" zikuphatikizapo glycidyl onse amene kuwola ndinso ndi hydrolysis kupanga kuchuluka kwa chakudya yosavuta. Kumene, iwo ndi chiŵerengero cha maatomu mpweya ndi mpweya zosiyanasiyana. Iwo anaitana disaccharide. A kwambiri pa chikhalidwe cha kusewera ndi zovuta chakudya, mndandanda umene ife pang'ono pano nkhaniyi.

Komanso, pali gulu lina, limene chakudya anawagawa mitundu itatu. Apa iwo ali:

• Monosaccharides.
• Oligosaccharides.
• Polysaccharides.

Zotsatirazi chakudya patebulo ndithu kuthana ndi zosiyana zawo zazikulu.

mono- (Molekyulu 1)	oligo (<10 mamolekyulu)	poly- (> 10 mamolekyulu)
Aldose, ketose	Basi izo monga disaccharides, trisaccharides, ndi zina zotero D..	Pali mitundu iwiri: Gomopolisaharidy. Heteropolysaccharides. Ku dzina mukhoza kumvetsa kuti mkati kapangidwe maselo a mitundu awiriwa yosiyana

Kumene, tili ndi lalifupi gome la chakudya wasonyeza, koma ukulu sangathe kuti agwirizane ndi wonena za onse amene ali achilendo kwa mamembala ena a gulu ili yotakata. Kotero ife tisanthule magulu uliwonse waukulu padera, ndiponso pa zina za katundu wa munthu, zinthu wamba. Ndiyeno kodi chakudya makalasi?

monosaccharides

Kumbukirani kuti iwo onse a gulu la zolimba, mosavuta akhoza kuwoloka kumka ku boma crystalline. Iwo hygroscopic kwambiri, bwino sungunuka m'madzi kupanga madzi. Sankhani iwo mu mawonekedwe a mibulu, pali zovuta. njira zawo ndi anachita ndale, nthawi zambiri sweetish kukoma. Kukumana mwamphamvu ndi osiyana: mwachitsanzo, fructose pafupifupi nthawi 3-3.5 mokomera zambiri shuga.

Pa mawonekedwe structural

Onse zinthu izi - pawiri dongosolo bifunctional, zikuchokera amene kwenikweni zikuphatikizapo mpweya mafupa, gulu carbonyl ndi hydroxyl angapo. Ngati ntchito ya gulu carbonyl amachita aldehyde gulu, mankhwala otchedwa aldose. Choncho, ngati ketone "mchira" amatchedwa ketose.

Popeza chikhalidwe cha zinthu izi sizachilendo kwambiri, angapezeke onse mu chikhalidwe chawo mfulu, mu mawonekedwe a mitundu anhydrite. Zambiri, pafupifupi onse chakudya zovuta amakhala osiyana, ali anhydrides wa dzuwa ophweka, omwe ndithu chabe akamagwira kuchotsa ochepa (kapena) a mamolekyulu madzi (ndi manambala oyambirira "paulendo" - ayi).

Shuga ndi nthumwi kwambiri mmene

Dongosolo la woimira kwambiri ankaikira gulu - C ₆ H ₁₂ O _6. Nthawi zambiri pali chakudya izi chomera maselo. Iwo ali ndi ambiri, koma chofunika kwambiri kwa thupi chifukwa ndiwo mphamvu kwa iye (akulankhula za nyama ndi munthu, kumene). Mfundo imeneyi ndi katundu ambiri mapulotini, chakudya mafuta pa zamoyo zonse. Amagwiritsidwanso chimagwiritsidwa ntchito zachipatala, mankhwala Chowona Zanyama, makampani (kuphatikizapo chakudya).

thupi katundu

ndi onse zimene thupi katundu wa chakudya mu gulu ili? Maonekedwe - woyera timibulu chabwino, sweetish kulawa, mosavuta sungunuka m'madzi. Solubility ukuwonjezeka kwambiri ngati Tenthetsaninso njira: m'njira iyi shuga manyuchi.

mudziwe Mwachidule pa kapangidwe mankhwala

Ngati inu mukuyang'ana pa chilinganizo liniya, zikuchokera zimam'patsa izi kuoneka bwino aldehyde limodzi ndi magulu asanu hydroxyl. Pamene chinthu chili boma crystalline mamolekyulu yake kukhala mmodzi wa mitundu ziwiri (α- kapena β-shuga). chakuti hydroxyl gulu chiphatikizana ndi wachisanu mpweya atomu, akhoza anachita ndi carbonyl moiety.

Kuchuluka kuthengo

Popeza omufunitsits mlongoyo mu madzi mphesa, shuga ndi zambiri amatchedwa "mphesa shuga". Pansi pa dzina limeneli n'kumadziŵikabe makolo athu. Komabe, n'zotheka kupeza zipatso ina wokoma kapena masamba, mu zimakhala zofewa wa mbewu. Mu dziko nyama, kuchuluka kwake si chozama: pafupifupi 0.1% magazi athu - izi ndi shuga. Komanso, inu mukhoza kupeza chakudya izi mu selo iliyonse limba mkati. Koma makamaka kwambiri a iwo mu chiwindi chifukwa ndi kumene processing ikuchitika shuga mu glycogen.

Iwo (monga ife tanena kale) ndi opereka mphamvu kwa thupi lathu, ndi mbali ya pafupifupi onse chakudya zovuta. Komanso zina chakudya yosavuta, mu chikhalidwe kumachitika pambuyo dzuwa anachita chimene chimachitika mwapadera mu maselo a zamoyo mbewu:

6SO ₂ + 6H ₂ O wotchedwa chlorophyll C ₆ H ₁₂ O ₆ + 6D ₂ - Q

Zomera Choncho kuchita amazipanga zofunika kwa ntchito ya biosphere ndi, wambirimbiri mphamvu, amene analandira mwa iwo ndi dzuwa. Pankhani zinthu mafakitale, mphesa shuga kuyambira nthawi zakale analandira kuchokera wowuma hydrolysis kubala izo, momwe anachita chothandizira ali anaikira asidi sulfuric:

(C ₆ H ₁₀ O ₅₎ N + NH ₂ O H _{2 4,} T NC ₆ H ₁₂ O ₆

katundu mankhwala

ndi katundu mankhwala chakudya cha mtundu chiyani? Iwo ali mbali zonse yemweyo amene chibadidwe chinthu alcohols ndi aldehydes. Komanso pali ena wonena za. kaphatikizidwe Choyamba chakudya chosavuta (kuphatikizapo shuga) zinalengedwa ndi ambiri aluso sayansi A. M. Butlerovym mu chaka 1861, ndipo monga chuma yaiwisi kuti ntchito formaldehyde, komanso yogawanika mu kukhalapo kwa hydroxide calcium. Apa ndi opangidwa ndi ndondomeko izi:

6NSON -------> S6N ₁₂ O ₆

Ndipo tsopano tione zina katundu wa anthu ena awiri a gulu tanthauzo achilengedwe amene si zochepa kwambiri, komanso chifukwa kuphunzira zamoyo awo. Chakudya mitundu imeneyi kumathandiza kwambiri pa moyo wathu wa tsiku ndi tsiku.

fructose

Dongosolo la isomer izi shuga - Sep _12, O _v. Ngati "kholo" chingakhale mawonekedwe liniya ndi ozungulira. Akubwera mu zochita zonse ndi khalidwe la alcohols polyhydric, koma, motero kusiyana shuga, zilibe anatani ndi njira ammoniacal wa okusayidi siliva.

ribose

mkulu kwambiri chidwi ribose ndi deoxyribose. Ngati inu mukukumbukira pang'ono zamoyo pulogalamu, ndi kudziwa bwino kuti chakudya izi m'thupi ndi mbali ya DNA ndi RNA, popanda limene kuli moyo padziko lino zotheka. Dzina "deoxyribose" zikutanthauza kuti molekyulu ake osachepera limodzi mpweya atomu (poyerekeza ribose mwake). Kukhala ofanana pankhani imeneyi kwa shuga, akhozanso liniya ndi dongosolo ozungulira.

disaccharides

Mfundo zinthu izi mu dongosolo lawo ndi ntchito kwakukulukulu mobwerezabwereza kalasi m'mbuyomu, koma chifukwa safuna tinganene kuti akhale izi mwatsatanetsatane. ndi katundu mankhwala chakudya mu gulu chiyani? Oimira chofunika kwambiri m'banja sucrose, maltose ndi lactose. Onse a iwo akhoza kutchulidwa ndi chilinganizo C ₁₂ H ₂₂ O _11, mofanana ndi isomers, koma zimenezi sizitanthauza negate kusiyana lalikulu kapangidwe awo. Choncho zimene zikusonyeza zovuta chakudya, mndandanda ndi kufotokoza zomwe mungathe onani pansipa?

saccharose

molekyulu wake wapangidwa ndi m'zinthu awiri yomweyo: wina ndi zisanu ndi ziwalo (α mphamvu zotsalira) ndi zina - a-ziwalo zisanu (β-fructose zotsalira). Izo zikugwirizana yomanga imeneyi onse glycoside hydroxyl shuga.

Kukonzekera ndi mulingo okwana

Malinga ndi osungidwa deta mbiri, zaka ngakhale zitatu Khristu asanabwere shuga ku nzimbe anaphunzira kuti ku India. Only mu m'ma 19 kunapezeka kuti zambiri za sucrose zochepa khama izi zikhoza yotengedwa Beets shuga. Mu ena mitundu lili mpaka 22% a zimam'patsa, pamene zili bango akhale mkati 26%, koma izi zimatheka pansi makhalidwe abwino kukula ndi nyengo yabwino.

Ife tanena kale kuti chakudya ndi mosavuta sungunuka m'madzi. Bukuli lili ndi mfundo imeneyi kupeza sucrose pamene ntchito zipangizo cholinga, diffusers. zosafunika N'zotheka precipitate, yankho anali umasefedweramo Zosefera monga laimu. Kuchotsa yankho chifukwa cha hydroxide calcium, ndi anadutsa ochiritsira mpweya. The precipitate ndi osasankhidwa, ndi shuga madzi ndi chamunthuyo mu ng'anjo wapadera, kutsatira shuga kale bwino.

lactose

zimam'patsa Izi anamasulidwa mu chilengedwe mafakitale mkaka wamba, amene ali mafuta owonjezera ndi chakudya. Lili zinthu zambiri ndithu: Mwachitsanzo, mkaka wa ng'ombe lili 4-5.5% ya lactose wa mu mkaka wa akazi ndi buku ake kachigawo ukufika 5,5-8,4%.

Himogulobini aliyense wa glycidol tichipeza zatsalira 3 ndi galactose mphamvu pyranose mawonekedwe, zomwe ndi kugwirizana ndi woyamba ndi wachinayi mpweya atomu.

Mosiyana ndi dzuwa ena lactose ali chuma chapadera. Ndi za anasiya mayamwidwe madzi, kotero kuti ngakhale mu chilengedwe chinyezi kuti glycine sizinandifooketse. Mundawu chimagwiritsidwa ntchito makampani mankhwala: ngati gawo la mankhwala ufa mbali ya sucrose ochiritsira, kuli kofunika kuwonjezera lactose. Mwachibadwa mwamtheradi ndi wowona ndi thupi la munthu, mosiyana ndi zina zambiri yokumba kuti kuteteza caking ndi yonyowa. Kodi ntchito ndi katundu chakudya cha mtundu chiyani?

Tizilombo lactose zofunika kwambiri kwambiri, kuyambira lactose ndi zofunika zakudya zikuluzikulu za nyama mkaka ndi anthu. Koma maltose, katundu ndi yosiyana.

maltose

Ndi mungafike mankhwala amene analandira ndi hydrolysis wa wowuma. Dzina "maltose" chifukwa chakuti, ambiri mchikakamizo cha chimera (chimera ku Latin - maltum). Ambiri osati zomera komanso nyama. Lalikulu zedi, lopangidwa mu kapepala m'mimba ya ruminants.

Kapangidwe mankhwala ndi katundu

Izi molekyulu zimam'patsa anapeka mayunitsi awiri α mphamvu mu mawonekedwe pyranose, amene cholukanalukana ndi woyamba ndi wachinayi maatomu mpweya. Mu maonekedwe ndi colorless, woyera ndi timibulu. Kukoma - sweetish bwino sungunuka m'madzi.

polysaccharides

Tiyenera kukumbukira kuti polysaccharides onse tinganene kuti ku mawonedwe kuti ali katundu wa condensation a monosaccharides. mankhwala awo ambiri chilinganizo - (C _b H ₁₀ O ₅₎ N. M'nkhaniyi tiona wowuma mofanana ndi woimira kwambiri mmene banja.

wowuma

Iwo anapanga chifukwa cha photosynthesis, lalikulu zedi waikamo mu mizu ndi mbewu ya zinthu mbewu. ndi thupi katundu wa chakudya cha mtundu chiyani? Maonekedwe ndi ufa woyera ndi crystallinity bwino kutchulidwa, insoluble m'madzi ozizira. The madzi otentha ndipamene dongosolo colloidal (phala, odzola). Mu kapepala m'mimba nyama, pali michere zambiri zimene zimachititsa hydrolyzed yake shuga.

Kodi wambiri zachilengedwe polima, amene anapanga za kuchuluka kwa zatsalira ndi mphamvu. Mu chikhalidwe, nthawi yomweyo pali njira ziwiri: amylose ndi amshopektin. Amylose, pokhala polima liniya akhoza zidzasungunuka mu madzi. Molekyulu tichipeza zatsalira alpha-shuga amene umanena loyamba ndi wachinayi mpweya atomu.

Kumbukirani kuti wowuma izi loyamba kuonekera mankhwala a dzuwa zomera. Mu tirigu ndi mbewu monga chimanga ena lili kuti 60-80%, pomwe mbatata -% 15-20 yekha. Mwa njira kulankhula zikutanthauza mbewu wowuma pansi maso angathe molondola kudziwa mtundu wa zomera, chifukwa iwo ali osiyana.

Ngati zimam'patsa ndi mofulumira usavutike, ndi molekyulu yaikulu mofulumira amanyoza kuti polysaccharides ang'onoang'ono amene amadziwika ngati dextrins. Iwo ndi wowuma yekha ambiri mankhwala chilinganizo (C ₆ H ₁₂ O ₅₎ ×, koma pali kusiyana mu mtengo wa variable ndi "×" ndi zosakwana kufunika «N» mu wowuma ndi.

Pomaliza ife azipereka tebulo, kumene kumasonyeza osati makalasi waukulu chakudya, komanso katundu wawo.

magulu Waukulu	Features dongosolo maselo	Chosiyana katundu chakudya
monosaccharides	Iwo amasiyana chiwerengero cha maatomu mpweya: Triose (C 3) Tetroses (C4) Pentoses (C5) Hexose (C6)	Colorless kapena woyera timibulu, mwangwiro sungunuka m'madzi, wokoma kukoma
oligosaccharides	Kapangidwe zovuta. Malinga mitundu, munali zatsalira 2-10 wa dzuwa yosavuta	Maonekedwe a yemweyo, pang'ono pokha sungunuka m'madzi, kukoma zochepa wokoma
polysaccharides	Iwo zigwirizana wa ochuluka zedi zatsalira monosaccharide	ufa woyera, crystalline dongosolo ndi ofooka, musati kupasuka mu madzi, koma ndi mmenemo luso pathupi. Kukoma-ndale

Ndicho chimene ntchito ndi katundu wa makalasi zikuluzikulu za chakudya.