Kapangidwe ka nkhani

Atomiki ndi maselo dongosolo la nkhani wakhala akufunafuna mwakhama kuphunzira ndi Lomonosov. Russian wasayansi woyamba ntchito chiphunzitso zimapangidwira, akamanena za umene unali malo ena.

1. zinthu zonse m'gulu umembala wake "corpuscles". Mawu amenewa amatchedwa Lomonosov molekyulu.
2. Corpuscles ndi lopangidwa "zinthu." Mawu amenewa amagwiritsidwa ntchito potanthauza Lomonosov maatomu.
3. particles onse (ndipo maatomu ndi tinthu) ali mosalekeza ikuyenda. Matenthedwe boma la matupi onse chifukwa cha lamulo particles constituent.
4. maatomu zofanana amapanga molekyulu mu zinthu yosavuta, maatomu osiyana - mamolekyulu mu zinthu zovuta.

chiphunzitso Atomistic ntchito kenako Dalton. Maziko a chiphunzitso cha wasayansi English, polongosola kapangidwe ka chinthu, pobwereza chiphunzitso Lomonosov. Komabe, Dalton pang'ono anayamba izo. English wasayansi anali kuyesera kudziwa kulemera kwa ma atomu a zinthu, anthu pa nthawiyo. Choncho Daltons anakana kuti mamolekyulu zinthu yosavuta ponena mankhwala osavuta lili maatomu yekha. Ngakhale zinthu zovuta monga "maatomu ovuta."

Pomaliza anatsimikizira chiphunzitso cha atomiki ndi maselo Kapangidwe ka nkhani yekha kwa m'ma 19.

Molekyulu wotchedwa particles zing'onozing'ono kanthu. Ilo liri ndi katundu mankhwala onse mchitidwe wa. Atomu - ndi tinthu zing'onozing'ono m'gulu mamolekyulu zinthu zovuta kwambiri. Zikuchokera maatomu ndiyo katundu mankhwala zinthu. Pansi imeneyi, kodi tanthauzo watsopano wa particles zazing'ono. Choncho atomu ndi electrically ndale tinthu. Amakhala pakati pa, ndithu mlandu, ndipo ma elekitironi mlandu zoipa.

Malinga ndi mfundo ano, mamolekyulu ndi vaporized ndi thupi gaseous. Mu zolimba, particles laling'ono (mamolekyulu) alipo malinga kophimba Krustalo, amene nawonso, ali ndi dongosolo maselo.

Pali mphatso zambiri kiyi kuphunzitsa.

Chiphunzitso kufotokoza dongosolo la zinthu zosiyanasiyana, limasonyeza kukhalapo kwa particles wa nthawi zina. Kutalika kwa mitunda izi zimadalira kutentha ndi boma la loitanirana wa chinthu. The mipata yaikulu pakati mamolekyulu anaona mu matupi gaseous. Zimenezi zimabweretsa luso mpweya mosavuta wothinikizidwa. Kuli mtunda pakati mamolekyulu mu zakumwa, choncho amakhala ovuta kwambiri kuti compress. Zolimba ndi kugonjetsedwa psinjika, chifukwa chakuti mipata pakati pa particles ndi ang'ono.

Mamolekyulu nthawi zonse zoyenda. Pamwamba thupi kutentha, ndi apamwamba a liwiro. Pakati pa particles pali mphamvu za kukondana ndi repulsion.

Mamolekyulu muli maatomu zimene zili mu gulu mosalekeza.

mtundu umodzi wa maatomu osiyana Chrixitu mu katundu ndi kulemera.

Kapangidwe maselo a mankhwala mu olimba lattices galasi boma ndi mfundo zimene amapanga molekyulu. Contact pakati pa particles ali ofooka ndi kuphulika pa magetsi. Motero, matupi amenewa adzalandira mfundo otsika kusungunuka.

thupi mwina dongosolo lina. Zinthu akhoza zimakhala ndi ma atomu ndi tinthu zina zomwe zimapanga lattices pa galasi la mfundo (mwachitsanzo, chitsulo, zitsulo zina). Pakati pa particles izi, pali ubale wamphamvu kwambiri. Kuwaononga, muyenera kucheza kwambiri mphamvu. Kapangidwe Izi ndi zinthu adzatenge kusungunukira mfundo mkulu.

Pa chikhazikitso cha chiphunzitso anafotokoza zochitika zambiri. Mwachitsanzo, mayamwidwe. Zimenezi zachokera luso particles, mamolekyulu, maatomu kudutsa mu interstices pano pakati pa maatomu kapena mamolekyulu chuma zosiyana. Zimenezi, n'zotheka chifukwa lamulo zonse particles kuti thupilo.