Mkuwa nitrate: makhalidwe kachulukidwe ndi Mkhalidwe

Mawu akuti "nitrate" limatanthauza mchere umagwirira odziwika nitric asidi, amene zizindikiro zoipa mlandu gawo NO3. Mu mineralogy ndi ulimi akadali anagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ku feteleza ena akuti - "nitrate", koma apa iwo pang'onopang'ono m'malo ndi dzina la sayansi zambiri wolungamitsidwa.

Poganizira zofunika katundu mankhwala ku feteleza, ali woyamba wa zonse, dziwani kuti iwo anapanga mwa kuchita asidi nitric ndi oxides, kuphatikizapo, nthawi zambiri, ndi zitsulo. Pa chipinda zinthu kutentha zayamba ku feteleza onse ndi kugonjetsedwa kwambiri, koma pamene kutentha limatuluka kuti 200-6000 ° C, iwo ayamba kusungunuka, pang'onopang'ono decomposing m'zigawo.

Mwa njira, kodi zimene zimapanga kuwola ndinso ku feteleza, akhoza adzaweruzidwa zimene malo ali mu electrochemical mndandanda wa maganizo zitsulo. Makamaka, onse a ku feteleza, amene ndi kuwonongeka kubala nitrites ndi okosijeni, muli zitsulo amene ali kumanzere ya magnesium (mwachitsanzo, lifiyamu, barium, zotayidwa, cobalt). Anthu ku feteleza, amene kuwola ndinso kupanga oxides asafe ndi zitsulo, ndi mpweya mu mndandanda electrochemical imakonzedwa mu imeneyi kwa mankhwala enaake a ku mkuwa.

Mkuwa nitrate khalidwe m'njira yapadera: mpweya pa kuwonongeka lake anamasulidwa aumbike bivalent okusayidi mkuwa ndi asafe woipa. Ndipo Mwachitsanzo, njira yothetsera wa nitrate siliva kuwola ndinso pa kutentha "chabe" 1700 ° C, anafotokoza osati koyera mpweya tetravalent okusayidi asafe, komanso molekyulu mwachindunji siliva.

Komanso Dziwani kuti mwamtheradi nitrate onse ndi oxidant amphamvu, ndipo ndi boma olimba. Koma mu njira kusiya katundu wawo zobwera chifukwa cha okosijeni, anasiyana potero kwa asidi nitric chomwecho.

Kale kale anthu mwazindikira kuti nitric asidi mchere, ndipo koposa zonse, ku feteleza ndi feteleza kwambiri, zomwe angathe kubwezeretsa chonde. Kenako, mbali yaikulu ya nitrate ya Mzimu inagwiritsidwa ntchito polenga mabomba komanso mankhwala.

A udindo wapadera uli pakati pa ku feteleza wa nitrate mkuwa.

Mkuwa nitrate (Cu (NO3) 2) chikuyimira zovuta zochita kupanga mankhwala mu dongosolo ndi mankhwala awo katundu zokhudzana salt zamkuwa ndi asidi nitric. The thupi katundu wa nitrate mkuwa ndi olimba ndi latisi Krustalo, bwino sungunuka m'madzi ndi zambiri njira zina (mwachitsanzo, Mowa, madzi amoniya, ethyl nthochi). Pa nthawi yomweyo chiwerengero cha salt ena asidi nitric, mkuwa nitrate zimatenga chinyezi kupanga enieni galasi mdima mtundu buluu, amene anayala mu mpweya ndi mkulu chinyezi wachibale.

Chemical katundu wa nitrate chikugwirizana, pa dzanja limodzi, kuti molar misa ya mkuwa - zonse ndi wofanana 64 g / mol, ndi zina - ndi luso nitrate mkuwa kuyamwa chinyontho, potero bongo ndipo dzina lake (nitrate - trihydrate - hexahydrate), ndipo katundu wawo. Choncho, mwachitsanzo, anhydrous mkuwa hydrate ndi linakwiriridwa pa kutentha 1700 ° C ndi trihydrate - kale pa 1200 ° C.

Molar misa zamkuwa ndi chofunika kuti njira yaikulu yodalirika anhydrous mkuwa nitrate ndi kaphatikizidwe mamolekyulu mkuwa ndi tetravalent okusayidi zamkuwa. Ziyenera adzanyamula kukumbukira kuti mkuwa nitrate ndi mankhwala m'malo poizoni, kotero kupanga ake ndi kusunga ayenera kukhala mogwirizana ndi zofunika zonse zoyambirira za malamulo chitetezo. Makamaka, m'pofunika mantha kuti mankhwala alibe kuti nembanemba wa mucous kapena khungu la munthu, monga mu nkhani iyi, pali kuyabwa, yomwe INGATHE kuyambitsa matenda osiyanasiyana.

Mwa njira, pafupifupi ku feteleza zonse chifukwa izi kapena zotupa ena a pakhungu. Mwachitsanzo, yemweyo siliva nitrate njira pokhudzana ndi khungu anthu amachititsa maonekedwe a mawanga akuda, ndipo ngati kugwira yaitali ndithu, kungachititse kuwotcha.