Zochita zimene angatchedwe mawu? Gulu la machitidwe kulankhula

Munthu kumatanthauza Mulimonse, patsogolo nthawi zonse cholinga chinachake. Iye mosalingalira kapena bwino Tipindulanji izo, kuzindikira zolinga zawo. Pafupifupi nthawi zonse kukwaniritsa cholinga ayenera athandizi, amene akuyesetsa kutsimikizira kuti ali nawo chochitika yeniyeni kulankhula bwinobwino - wachita ntchito imene amakhala ndi chochita. Mawu - nthawi zonse ndi mtundu winawake wa malonda, apa pakubwera chimaliziro kuti kanthu angatchedwe mawu. Ndi mawu onse ndi cholinga umalimbana chotsatira.

kulankhula mchitidwe

Malinga ndi akatswiri a zinenero zamakono H. Grice, Searle J. ndi J. Austin, zochita kulankhula - .. A kucheza ndi ena, ndipo anthu kutchula ntchito zawo, kale amachita kanthu zina, ngati watumidwa kuti wolandila. Cholinga cha wokamba wotchedwa kulankhula kuchita, kuchita kwa mawu, kapena ntchito mawu.

Zosiyanasiyana kulankhula amachita kuonekeratu kuchuluka yawo yaikulu mu nkhokwe ya anthu. Asayansi analemba gulu komwe maziko Umutu ndi cholinga cha mawu. zochita zimene angatchedwe mawu? Inde, onse amene wofuna mipherezero chimodzi kapena zingapo ndi kupeleka ndi zolinga zina. Nthawi zambiri, cholinga si yekha, pokambirana ndi amatha kusiyanitsa mitundu yambiri ya kulankhula ndi mme- zochita angapo kulankhula.

wotchedwa Dmitry Likhachev

Ndithu zozizwitsa angachite chinenero zinazi. Zitsanzo zikhoza kupezeka paliponse. Commander m'mawu ake mu boma mokakamiza asilikali mu anamanganso yapaderayi ungwazi. Chiyamikiro wa womwalirayo kapena wachibale wa womwalirayo amakhala ndi lonse khamu chifukwa kulira, ndi zina, itanani kubwezera. Kodi mamembala a boma Duma chiyani? Pali akulamulira chinenero zinazi. Zitsanzo za kubwera kwake zonse chandamale, monga ntchito za atumiki. Pa msonkhano woyamba, umene unachitikira pa ululu wa USSR, kwa akuluakulu a anachita academician wotchedwa Dmitry Likhachev.

Mukhoza kupenda mawu ake timvetsetsetse khalidwe angatchedwe mawu. Iye akuti poyamba udindo wa chikhalidwe Soviet, kwa chigawo ake onse, ndi zodabwitsa. kuti palibe kusankha anthu a ku nsanja chisankho si naye ngakhale kamodzi mawu - "chikhalidwe". Koma popanda makhalidwe ofunika kwambiri amene iye amapereka, malamulo zachikhalidwe osati kutsatira malamulo a zachuma - kwambiri, sayansi yamakono akufa, chifukwa zatsopano ofunika ndalama, ntchito zazikulu ndi kumanga ikupezeka sadatsatire chifukwa cha kusowa akadzabweranso yochepa - ndi zina zotero. Likhachev ankakambirana mwatsatanetsatane mkhalidwe womvetsa chisoni pafupifupi onse chikhalidwe zipilala, yachokera, malaibulale, zinthu zochititsa chidwi. Kuphatikizapo akhudzidwa ndi chikhalidwe cha kulankhula khalidwe, zinthu manyazi ake. Makamaka zambiri anafotokoza za maphunziro, thangwi kweneko ndiye chikhalidwe ndi iikidwe. Pambuyo bwana konkire kwa kuwongolera zinthu pa dziko mderali.

Kulankhulana ndi chinenero

Kusanthula mawu a academician, osati kuvomereza kuti mtundu winawake wa kulankhula, awulule zolinga. Kumene, kamodzi zikuonekeratu kuti kuyesayesa Likhachev, kutsatira malamulo onse a khalidwe mawu, kukopa chidwi cha aphungu ndi zoona kuti akakhulupirire yochezera chigawo zolinga zake chimenecho. Ndi nthawi yomweyo zoonekeratu kuti academician, kuwonjezera anauza omvera anayesetsa kuwalimbikitsa kuti zinthu zina. Kulankhula - kulankhula kuchita monga likukhalira. Kunena chandamale omvera, kukambirana za mavuto. mtundu wa kulankhula Mzimuyo cholinga kulankhula.

Pankhaniyi Academician Likhachev limabweretsa agitational mtundu kumawalimbikitsa kuchitapo kanthu, koma ndi zam'mwamba ndi Kuwafotokozera, ndipo ananena mitundu. Kapangidwe ka mchitidwe kulankhula mawu awa ndi kuti palibe, mwina, njira yokhayo epideyktichesky - chachikulu mayamikiro, amene kawirikawiri anali atadzazidwa ndi mawu mwambo osati mgwirizano komanso congresses cha akuluakulu anthu. Zachitikiranji zimenezi? Inde, chifukwa academician wotchedwa Dmitry Likhachev, mosiyana ndi anzake ambiri, anasankha khalidwe zolondola mawu, kuthandiza kukwaniritsa cholinga.

Diatribichesky mtundu

Kaya nthawi zonse - kanthu? Ndipo zochita zimene angatchedwe mawu? Munthu aliyense kapena anali diatribicheskim kalembedwe, munachitapo ndi zodabwitsazi pa khwerero liri. M'malo mwake, si kuchita, koma zotsatira mawu, pamene awiri mzanga wapachifuwa kwa maola pafoni. Apa ife tiri kudzidalira kwambiri ndipo ndi wosafunika monga umalimbana kupeza zosangalatsa mangawawo. Palibe chifukwa nkhaniyi, palibe cholinga, ngakhale chilichonse chatsopano nthawi zambiri palibe ofunsidwawo sindikudziwa, chifukwa kuwunika zonse za kale anasonyeza.

Koma pali maziko mwangwiro maganizo, mtundu wa chimwemwe zosangalatsa anthu ena, ndi gulu la machitidwe kulankhula amatha mtundu wa kulankhula ngati mzere osiyana. Diatribichesky mtundu wa kulankhula (a nzeru zapamwamba lingaliro ili pafupi achipongwe) zikuphatikizapo wokongola "mezhdusoboychikovye" nthabwala pang'ono bwino kwa akunja, ena akupangira zinthu zoseketsa, mfundo zosangalatsa zodziwika kokha kwa madona izi ulendo. Zonsezi amalenga chitsanzo, pamene mawu amachita - si kuchita, koma chilengedwe cha munthu wina matupi maziko, mmene zomwe zimabweretsa chimwemwe. Real moyo macheza ladzala ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zochita kulankhula, malingana ndi zosowa zawo: kuti chifundo, ndi kupeza chithandizo, kulanga munthu, kapena kuyesera kupha mawu ... Kulankhula khalidwe imasiyana malingana ndi mmene zinthu zilili.

Genera ndi mtundu wa kulankhula

1. Zinthu maphunziro. Pamafunikanso yunivesite ndi sukulu nkhani mapepala kafukufuku, malipoti ndi ndemanga, sayansi nkhani otchuka.

2. Zinthu milandu. Pali mitundu iwiri: chilamulo - kumbuyo milandu - chitsutso.

3. kulankhula umoyo ndale. Linati malankhulidwe osiyanasiyana pa congresses, misonkhano, misonkhano, misonkhano, kulankhula izi mu yamalamulo, pa misonkhano malankhulidwe asilikali kukonda dziko lako ndi agitatorial ndi zamtendere. Izi zikuphatikizapo review ndale.

4. umoyo kunyumba kulankhula. Palinso zambiri zimene mungachite: analankhula ku phwando, moni yaing'ono, sizichita nawo zosiyanasiyana ndi eulogies. Ichi ndi chilankhulo kwambiri zinazi zitsanzo za zimene aliyense amaona tsiku lililonse.

5. wauzimu kapena achipembedzo ndiponso zamulungu kulankhula. Pali yachiwiriyo: kayankhulidwe yolalikira ndi mpingo ndi boma.

zinthu zambiri kuzichita mawu wokamba ndi khalidwe lolinganiza. zigawo vuto kwenikweni anapatsa ndi kutsatira lathu, kupanga umodzi wogwirizana.

maganizo

Kulankhula, zitsanzo zomwe zapatsidwa pamwambazi, zimathandiza kuti aziona ntchito mawu palokha: izo atathana zili maganizo (zinthu zenizeni ndi khalidwe, njira, njira, mankhwala ndi zotsatira) zofuna apatsidwa, umene ndi chofunika kuchita chilichonse mawu. Plus kusanthula njira, kuti ali gawo, ndi mapulani chingatilimbikitse. Kuchokera pamenepa, ife tikuona tanthauzo la kuti ntchito mawu - ndi makombo a wamba zochita za anthu mu nthaŵi.

Ndipo, chotero, mfundo ntchito mawu komanso motere kuchokera pamwamba: ndi cholinga, yogwira yatanthauzo ndi chinalimbikitsa ndondomeko ya phwando ndi issuance a kukonza ndi zooneka ndi malingaliro ena chinenero cha mawu, kapena kungoti akuti maganizo. Ndipo ndondomeko izi umalimbana kulankhulana, amene angathe kukumana ndi kukambirana ndi chidziwitso zosowa. Mayunitsi wa ntchito - kulankhula zinthu zomwe angathe kuchitidwa ndi mitundu ina kapena paokha, kaya cholinga chonse. Mulimonsemo, kulankhula za zochita ndi ntchito zimatheka pamene pali amene amadza pa iwo, pamene ife kusamalira kusintha m'munda mudziwe chifukwa kulankhulana.

Khalidwe kulankhula

Izi ndi okulira ndi zosakwana mfundo zina, chifukwa cha khalidwe la munthu aliyense makamaka, ndi dongosolo zovuta kayendedwe, zochita ndiponso khalidwe. Ndi munthu chikhalidwe ndi ukugwirira ntchito anthu mu maonekedwe ena ndi ena. Ya zochita kulankhula ndi zinthu chimaonekera khalidwe kulankhula: njira iyi, chikhalidwe cha kukhazikitsa ntchito zake somatic ndi ochititsa khalidwe wapakamwa kotheratu chokwanira zotsatira za ntchito mawu.

Unit pano ndi kulankhula mchitidwe (mchitidwe), amene ali ndi chikhalidwe cha polojekitiyi (zinaimira) ndi maonekedwe, imeneyi ndi mbali ya wamkulu (kutanthauza). Motero, tikhoza mophiphiritsa za "kalembedwe" kapena "katchulidwe," kapena khalidwe ina monga kulankhula kwenikweni zikuphatikizapo wina chigawo chimodzi maganizo, kupeza zina makhalidwe. Iwo palokha kutanthauziridwa matanthauzo: kuchokera phonation ndi kuyankhula kupyolera lemba - kulankhula. Mulimonsemo, ndi kuchita ndi ndondomeko munthu wa mawu ndi ntchito chinenero cha kudzinenera zakukhosi.

ndondomeko kulankhula

Independent anthu ntchito, maonekedwe ake enieni - ichi ndi tanthauzo la Machitidwe kulankhula. Iwo anapereka ndondomeko ya cholinga, yogwira, chifukwa zinthu ndi chinenero zotsalira za kulankhulana, amene opereka kapena kulandira mauthenga mawu mu mogwirizana kwa munthu ndi anthu ena. akonzedwa Izi zochita ndi mbali ya polojekiti timapangira - chidziwitso, ntchito, mwachitsanzo, koma kulibe paokha. Komabe, njira ya kulankhula ndi ntchito mawu si n'chimodzimodzi. Activities - nthawizonse ndondomeko, koma ndondomeko - osati nthawi zonse. "Hello Muli bwanji?" A ndakatulo Mwachitsanzo, Lermontov, amaloweza, ndi issuance wa mphunzitsi kapena mwana kuzindikira homuweki ndi zambiri - kulankhula zochita, koma osati ntchito osati ndondomekoyi. Kusiyanitsa pakati pa mfundo izi muyenera kuganizira osiyanasiyana mungachite kuti kuwunika.

1. kandalama bungwe (kunja ndi mkati).

2. katunduyo kapena zili m'maganizo.

Tikambirana mogwirizana zovuta zigawo zikuluzikulu onsewa ntchito mawu monga kugwira ntchito nzeru, chidwi, kukumbukira, kuganiza. Izi zikupangitsa kuti Kupenda zigawo zotsatirazi ndi makhalidwe a sikumatha.

3. Obschefunktsionalnye zimagwirira ntchito mu mbali maganizo.

4. mkati ndi kunja mtundu wa zipani chidzalo kukambirana nawo mbali.

5. Analysis wa kukhazikitsa umodzi wa thupi ndi wokhutira.

The mkati structural gulu

zochita za anthu ndi kulankhula ndi chigawo ake anatsimikiza njira yomweyo - mu magawo atatu:

• angalimbikitsire causative-gawo;
• gawo kafukufuku;
• Mkulu wa kampani gawo.

Pali akuyendera mogwirizana ndi zovuta kubala chogwira ntchito: kufunika - cholinga - cholinga. Main zosagwiritsa kwa ntchito ya munthu - ndi chosowa, kusowa, kufunika. Ayenera kwambiri, ndithudi, si chimatanthauza lathu la kanthu, koma ndi cholinga cholandira zowona kupeza okha kwambiri. Choncho mutu ndiye cholinga cha ntchito malankhulidwe zinthu zimene zinamulimbikitsa.

Cognition ndi Communication - m'pofunika kupitiriza ndi gweronso lalikulu la Machitidwe kulankhula. Zolinga komanso Mzimuyo chikhalidwe ndi mphamvu ya kulumikiza zonse kapena ambiri yonse ya zochitika kulankhula. Chikhalidwe cha ndondomeko kulankhula sangathe kuthetsa maganizo, ichi ndi chitsanzo choyamba pa ulendo wautali, abadwa kuchokera dera yolimbikitsa ya chikumbumtima ndi abulusa onse ndi zosowa zina, zokonda komanso zolinga, zimakhudza ndi maganizo. Zotsatirazi makhalidwe a ganizo anayamba kuyendayenda ndi zidzakhudza, poyankha funso wosatha: "Chifukwa chiyani?" Kuganizira monga mphepo, chifukwa mu mtambo wa ganizo zoyenda kuponya wopatsa moyo mawu mvula.

Wachiwiri ndi wachitatu gawo

Gawo lachiwiri - ndi analytic-kupanga kapena ziri kafukufuku - kuphunzira zinthu, mutu ndi Kuwulura katundu phunziro, akupanga chisankho atamukoka mfuti mu nkhokwe ya njira (mikangano, kupenta) ntchito mawu pakuyenerera. Apa amasankhidwa njira kukwaniritsa cholinga, mawonekedwe ndi zopanga okha kapena anabwereka (anapatsidwa) ankaganiza kuti azidya ndondomeko kulankhulana mawu. Mu gawo ili, dongosolo, ndondomeko ndi internally bungwe onse kudzera chinenero kupezeka ndi njira ya kulankhula.

Gawo lachitatu - ndikukhazikitsa bwanayu - sanathe zodziwika bwino, monga kupha munthu chabe akumvetsera kapena awerenga dongosolo. Choncho, gawo lachitatu lagawidwa m'zigawo ziwiri: ndipo bwana gawo womverayo ndi wamkulu gawo galimoto. Anthu olankhula (liwulo yogwira) nthawi zonse kwakukulu koposa kumvetsera ndi: articulation, intonation wa kulankhula ndi zina zotero. Osati kusiyanitsa palinso, tanthauzo bwino ndi zovuta kupeza. Choncho, pa zinthu ntchito mawu akuyamba motif akupitiriza kumanga dongosolo ndi ntchito yeniyeni ndi kutulutsa akumaliza ndi chifukwa - zabwino kapena zoipa. Man, mwangwiro katswiri dongosolo kulankhulana popangidwa ndi luso onse chinenero, zotsatira zoipa analandira kwambiri zochepa.

zili nkhani

Psychological, ndiye okhutira substantive mwamtheradi, ntchito iliyonse kulankhula, ndipo amaimila pomanga structural za izo. Pano mbali zina zambiri, monga phunziro yokha, ndalama zofunika, zipangizo kuwasankha ndi zina zotero. Nkhani ya ntchito mawu imatengedwa yakuti, chifukwa ndiyo chikhalidwe cha tsogolo la kulankhulana ndi kuti pakufunika tokha. Izo zikhoza kukhala chirichonse - chogwirika, kwenikweni, ndipo ngakhale wangwiro (ndipo ndi phunziro - linanena pamwamba: ena akuganiza monga mawonekedwe a kusonyeza zochitika zenizeni ndi kugwirizana ndi mabwenzi).

Kulankhula kumachita ngati maphunziro atatu mlingo, kumene pafupifupi - zolinga zofunika ndiponso cholinga, pansi - dongosolo la maphunziro, ndipo pamwamba - pa ntchito. Okhutira nkhani si zofunika kwenikweni mutu ndi mankhwala - kuti zikugwirizana ntchito ophatikizidwa chikuwonekera chinthu. Apa mankhwala, monga kuyenera malingaliro (chinthu) sangakhale wangwiro, nthawi zonse anavala. Text kapena mawu - wangwiro mankhwala a ntchito kulankhula, objectified anapereka kwa peculiarities maganizo a phunziroli.