Kodi organelle? Kapangidwe ndi ntchito ya organelles. Organelles selo mbewu. Organelles maselo nyama

Cell - ndi mlingo wa gulu la kanthu, moyo wodziimira zamoyo, amene ali ndi makhalidwe a zamoyo zonse. Mwachitsanzo, amatha, muchuluke, kusuntha, azolowere ndi kusintha. Komanso, aliyense wa chibadidwe maselo kagayidwe, kapangidwe yeniyeni, ndondomeko inalamula ndi ntchito.

The sayansi kuti amachita ndi kuphunzira maselo - ndi cytology. nkhani zake ndi structural unit wa nyama multicellular ndi zomera, zamoyo zokhala ndi selo imodzi - mabakiteriya, mogwirizana ndi algae, wopangidwa mwa selo limodzi.

Ngati ife kulankhula za bungwe ambiri a mayunitsi structural zinthu zamoyo, iwo zigwirizana wa Kakhungu ndi phata ndi nucleolus lapansi. Komanso, iwo ali organelles wa cytoplasm selo. Pakali pano, njira zosiyanasiyana kwambiri anayamba kufufuza, koma malo kutsogolera ali wotanganidwa ndi wamamamayikirosikopu, amene amalola chimodzi kuphunzira kapangidwe ka maselo kufufuza ake zofunika structural.

Kodi organelle?

Organelles (iwo akutchedwa organelles) - okhazikika constituent zinthu maselo iliyonse kuti ndizipange izo wathunthu ndi kuchita zinthu zina. nyumba imeneyi, yomwe ndi yofunika chifukwa chosafuna ntchito zake.

Ndi organelles monga phata, lysosomes, endoplasmic reticulum ndi zida Golgi, vacuoles ndi vesicles, mitochondria, ribosomes, ndi pakati maselo (centrosome). Apa mulinso nyumba kuti kupanga selo cytoskeleton (microfilaments ndi microtubules) melanosomes. Tiyenera kuunikila organelle kuyenda. Iwo cilia, michirayo imakhala yosiyanasiyana ndi pseudopodia myofibrils.

nyumba zonsezi ndi zogwirizana ndi kupereka ntchito yolongosoka maselo. N'chifukwa chake atafunsidwa kuti: "Kodi organelle" - kuyankha kuti ndi chigawo chimodzi kuti akhoza ukugwira kwa thupi la multicellular chamoyo.

Gawo organelles

maselo zosiyanasiyana kukula ndi mawonekedwe, komanso ntchito zake, koma iwo ofanana mu dongosolo mankhwala ndi mfundo za bungwe limodzi. Funso kodi nanga organelle dongosolo, zokambirana zokwanira. Mwachitsanzo, lysosomes kapena vacuoles nthaŵi zina amatchulidwa organelles monga ma.

Ngati ife kulankhula za gulu la maselo a zigawo izi, lakutali sanali Kakhungu ndi Kakhungu organelles. Non-Kakhungu - malo selo ndi ribosome. Organelle kayendedwe (microtubules ndi microfilaments) Komanso mosatsata nembanemba lapansi.

Maziko Kapangidwe ka organelles membranous lagona pamaso pa nembanemba kwachilengedwenso. Odnomebrannye dvumembrannye organelles ndipo TACHIMATA ndi dongosolo yunifolomu, chomwe wosanjikiza awiri a phospholipids ndi zedi. Amalekanitsa ndi cytoplasm ku malo akunja, kumatithandiza kukhalabe mawonekedwe selo. M'pofunikanso kukumbukira kuti chomera maselo kuwonjezera Kakhungu akadali apo ndi akunja mapadi casing wotchedwa khoma selo. Iwo amachita ntchito mothandiza.

Ndi Kakhungu organelles monga EPS, lysosomes ndi mitochondria ndi plastids ndi lysosomes. nembanemba awo akhoza kusiyana kokha pa m'ndandanda wa mapuloteni.

Ngati ife kulankhula za luso zinchito za organelles, ena a iwo amatha lithe zinthu zina. Choncho, kaphatikizidwe organelles zofunika - mitochondria, imene chakudya ATP. plastids Ribosomes (chloroplasts) ndi akhakula endoplasmic reticulum udindo kaphatikizidwe mapuloteni, yosalala EBL - kwa kaphatikizidwe wa lipids ndi chakudya.

Kapangidwe ndi ntchito ya organelles mwatsatanetsatane.

pachimake

organelle Ichi ndi chofunika kwambiri, chifukwa pamene kuchotsedwa maselo atasiya kugwira ntchito ndi kufa.

Phata ali Kakhungu awiri, omwe ali ndi kuchuluka kwa pores. Kudzera mwa iwo Pali kugwirizana ndi reticulum endoplasmic ndi cytoplasm. organelle Izi limapangidwa chromatin - DNA kuti ndi zovuta mapuloteni ndi DNA. Poganizira zimenezi, tikhoza kunena kuti ndi maziko a organelle kuti ndi udindo kuteteza ndalama zoyamba za matupi athu ndi.

Mbali madzi a ngale lotchedwa karyoplasm. Lili nyumba yaikulu ya mankhwala moyo. The densest m'dera - nucleolus, omwe m'nyumba mapuloteni zovuta RNA ndi ribosome, komanso potaziyamu wa phosphate, magnesium, nthaka, chitsulo ndi calcium. Nucleolus Mwamsanga pamaso magawano selo , ndipo anapanga kachiwiri mu gawo lotsiriza la ndondomeko.

Endoplasmic reticulum (reticulum)

EPS - odnomembranny organelle. Pamafunika theka buku chipinda ndipo imakhala ndi tubular ndi akasinja, amene ogwirizana pamodzi, komanso nembanemba cytoplasmic ndi chipolopolo kunja kwa phata la. Nembanemba wa organelle uyu ali ndi dongosolo mofanana plazmalema lapansi. Kapangidwe Izi Integrated ndi sanatsegule mu cytoplasm lapansi.

Endoplasmic reticulum ndi yosalala ndi granular (akhakula). Pa chipolopolo mkati mwa granular EPM anaika ribosome kumene mapuloteni kaphatikizidwe chikuchitika. Padziko yosalala endoplasmic ribosomes reticulum ali kwina, koma pano akupita kaphatikizidwe wa chakudya mafuta.

zinthu zonse zimene anapanga mu reticulum endoplasmic, ndi anasamutsidwa ndi dongosolo la tubules ndi ducts kumalo komwe anapeza ndipo kenako ntchito njira zosiyanasiyana amuzolengedwa.

Anapatsidwa mphamvu ya synthesizing EPS gritty reticulum ili maselo amene chachikulu ntchito - mapangidwe mapuloteni ndi yosalala - maselo a synthesizing chakudya mafuta. Komanso, reticulum yosalala kudziunjikira ayoni kashiamu ofunika uziyenda yachibadwa maselo, kapena lonse chamoyo.

Iwo ayenera kukumbukira kuti EPS malo mapangidwe zida za Golgi.

Lysosomes, ndi ntchito zawo

Lysosomes - ndi organelles ma amene anapereka m'mapaketi odnomembrannymi ndi anamaliza ndi hydrolytic m'mimba michere (proteases, lipases ndi nucleases). Pakuti zili khalidwe malo acidic wa lysosomes. Nembanemba formations deta wodzipatula iwo kuchokera cytoplasm ndi, kuteteza chiwonongeko cha zigawo zina structural maselo. Pamene anamasulidwa, michere lysosome mu cytoplasm selo okha amapezeka - autolysis.

Tikumbukenso kuti michere makamaka apanga pa akhakula endoplasmic reticulum, ndipo kenako anasamukira ku zida za Golgi. Iwo kusinthidwa, mmatumba mu vesicles Kakhungu ndi kuyamba osiyana ndi kukhala zigawo palokha selo - lysosomes, amene pulayimale ndi sekondale.

Pulayimale lysosomes - nyumba imene anasiyanitsidwa ndi zida za Golgi, ndi sekondale (m'mimba vacuoles) - amene anapanga chifukwa maphatikizidwe wa lysosomes pulayimale ndi vacuoles endocytotic.

Popeza dongosolo amenewa ndi bungwe akhoza kudziwa Ntchito yaikulu ya lysosomes:

• chimbudzi cha zinthu zosiyana mkati mwa selo;
• chiwonongeko cha nyumba ma kuti ndi osafunika;
• nawo ziŵalo njira selo lapansi.

vacuoles

Vacuoles - odnomembrannye organelle iyi mawonekedwe ozungulira, ndiwo malo a madzi ndi kusungunuka mmenemo mankhwala organic ndi zochita kupanga. Mu mapangidwe ndondomeko deta nawo Golgi zida ndi EPS.

The vacuoles selo nyama pang'ono. Ang'ono ndi zatenga zosaposa 5% ya voliyumu. udindo wawo waukulu - kupereka zinthu zoyendera kudutsa selo.

Vacuoles la zomera maselo lalikulu ndi kutenga mpaka 90% ya voliyumu. Mu chipinda okhwima ali vacuole mmodzi, amene ali ndi malo chapakati. Kakhungu wake wotchedwa tonoplast ndi wokhutira - selo kuyamwa. Ntchito yaikulu ya mbewu vacuoles - kupereka selo nembanemba voteji, kudzikundikira mankhwala osiyanasiyana ndi maselo kuwononga. Ndiponso, izi organelles chomera selo kupereka madzi koyenera kuti ndondomeko dzuwa.

Ngati ife kulankhula za zikuchokera utomoni khungu, ndiye chimaperekedwa zinthu zotsatirazi:

• m'malo - organic zidulo, chakudya mapuloteni, ena kwa amino asidi;
• mankhwala amene anapanga pa ntchito foni ndipo anapeza m'menemo (alkaloids, phenols ndi tannins);
• loopsali ndi chomera mahomoni;
• inki, umene zipatso, mizu ndi pamakhala utoto mu mtundu yoyenera.

Golgi zovuta

Kapangidwe ka organelles amatchedwa "Golgi zida" ndi wosavuta. Mu chomera maselo, iwo amaoneka ngati osiyana ng'ombe Kakhungu maselo nyama awa akuimira akasinja, ngalande thovu. The structural wagawo wa Golgi zovuta - izo dictyosome, woimiridwa ndi okwana 4-6 "akasinja" ndi thovu laling'ono limene anasiyanitsidwa ndi iwo, ndipo ndi okhudza maselo ambiri dongosolo zoyendera ndipo akhoza kutumikira monga gwero la lysosomes. chiwerengero Dictyosomes akhoza osiyanasiyana monga wina ndi ena ambiri.

Golgi zovuta zambiri ili pafupi ndi phata la. Maselo nyama - pafupi pakati pa foni. Ntchito yaikulu ya organelles izi ndi izi:

• katulutsidwe ndi kudzikundikira mapulotini, lipids ndi saccharides;
• kusinthidwa mankhwala organic kulowa Golgi zovuta;
• organelle Ichi ndi malo mapangidwe lysosomes.

Iwo ananena kuti EPS, lysosome, ndi vacuole, zida golgi ndi pamodzi kupanga tubular vacuolar-dongosolo limene alekanitsa selo m'zigawo osiyana ndi ntchito kake. Komanso, dongosolo lino amapereka pomwe zonse zimagwira ntchito zosiyanasiyana.

Mitochondria - maselo mphamvu chomera

Mitochondria - dvumembrannye ndodo-monga organelles, ozungulira kapena filamentary mawonekedwe, amene lithe ATP. Iwo ndi pamwamba akunja mkati yosalala imakhala ndi makutu ambiri, otchedwa cristae. Tikumbukenso kuti chiwerengero cha cristae wa mitochondria ndi zingasiyane malingana ndi zosowa mphamvu ya selo. Ndi nembanemba mkati ku maofesi ambiri enzyme kuti lithe adenosine triphosphate. Apa mphamvu kumangidwa mankhwala ali n'kukhala mphamvu kulemera kulankhulana ATP. Komanso, mu mitochondria ndi akudutsa pogawanikana pamawere zidulo mafuta ndi chakudya ndi kutulutsidwa kwa mphamvu, amene kusungidwa ndi ntchito njira kukula ndi kaphatikizidwe.

Internal deta Lachitatu organelles otchedwa masanjidwewo. Ndi zizindikiro mphete ya DNA ndi RNA, ang'ono ribosome. N'zochititsa chidwi kuti mitochondria - ndi organelles theka-yoyenda yokha, chifukwa iwo amadalira ntchito kwa selo, koma pa nthawi yomweyo, amakhala ndi ufulu wina. Choncho, iwo amatha lithe mapuloteni awo ndi michere, komanso kubereka paokha.

Akukhulupirira kuti mitochondria zinachitika pamene anamasulidwa mu gulu selo aerobic zamoyo prokaryotic, zikubweretsa mapangidwe yeniyeni zovuta symbiotic. Choncho, kwa mayitirokondiriyoni DNA ali kapangidwe mofanana DNA mabakiteriya ano ndi kaphatikizidwe mapuloteni mu mitochondria ndi mabakiteriya imathetsa mwa maantibayotiki chomwecho.

Plastids - ndi organelles ya selo chomera

Plastids lalikulu organelles zokwanira. Iwo alipo okha zomera maselo ndipo anapanga kuchokera precursors - proplastids muli DNA. organelles awa mbali yofunika kwambiri mu kagayidwe ndi wosiyana cytoplasm ndi munthu Kakhungu awiri. Komanso, iwo akhoza kupanga dongosolo amatsogozedwa zimagwira ntchito zosiyanasiyana mkati.

Plastids ndi a mitundu itatu:

1. Chloroplasts - kwambiri plastids ambiri ali ndi udindo dzuwa imene mankhwala organic anapanga ndi ufulu oxygen. nyumba izi ndi dongosolo zovuta ndi makina mu cytoplasm kwa kuwala gwero. Thunthu yaikulu yomwe imapezeka mu chloroplasts - wotchedwa chlorophyll, ndi zomera akhoza kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu ya dzuwa. Tikumbukenso kuti chloroplasts ofanana mitochondria nyumba semiautonomous akhala sangathe magawano palokha ndipo kaphatikizidwe mapulotini yake.
2. Leucoplasts - plastids colorless, amene, pansi zochita za kuwala lidzasinthidwa chloroplasts. zigawo zikuluzikulu maselo amenewa amapanga michere. Ndi iwo, shuga ndi mtima ndi kusungidwa mu mawonekedwe a granules wowuma. Mu ena zomera plastids awa akhoza kudziunjikira lipids kapena mapuloteni mu mawonekedwe a mibulu ndi matupi amorphous. Chiwerengero chachikulu kwambiri cha leucoplasts anaikira mu maselo ziwalo mobisa zomera.
3. Chromoplasts - zotumphukira wa ena mitundu iwiri ya plastids. Iwo anapanga carotenoids (chionongeko wotchedwa chlorophyll), amene wofiira, wachikasu kapena lalanje. Chromoplasts - komaliza siteji wasinthika plastids. Ambiri a iwo mu chipatso, pamakhala ndi masamba m'dzinja.

ribosomes

ndi organelle otchedwa Kodi ndi ribosome? Ribosomes amatchedwa sanali Kakhungu organelle, wopangidwa mwa zidutswa ziwiri (ang'ono ndi lalikulu kagawo kakang'ono). awiri wawo uli pafupi 20 nm. Zikupezeka maselo a mitundu yonse. Izi organelles wa nyama ndi zomera maselo, mabakiteriya. nyumba awa anapanga mu pachimake, ndiyeno anasamutsa mu cytoplasm kumene anayikidwa lotayirira Ufumuyo EPS lapansi. Malinga ndi katundu wa synthesizing ribosome ntchito yekha kapena amaphatikizidwa mu maofesi, kupanga polyribosomes. Pankhaniyi, izi si nembanemba womangidwa organelles Mtumiki RNA molekyulu.

ribosome A lili 4 mamolekyulu a tsa-RNAs, zomwe zimapanga chimango, komanso mapulotini zosiyanasiyana. The chinthu chachikulu cha organoid wa - kusonkhanitsa polypeptide unyolo, ndilo gawo loyamba la kaphatikizidwe mapuloteni. Anthu mapulotini amapangidwa ndi ribosomes wa reticulum endoplasmic, angagwiritsidwe ntchito thupi lonse. Mapuloteni zofunika munthu wa selo apanga ndi ribosomes, zomwe zili cytoplasm lapansi. Tikumbukenso kuti ribosomes zimapezekanso ku mitochondria ndi plastids.

selo cytoskeleton

Selo cytoskeleton anapanga microtubules ndi microfilaments. Microtubules ndi cylindrical mapangidwe 24 nm awiri. kutalika 100 mamilimita-1 mm. The Gawo - mapuloteni otchedwa tubulin. Iye sangathe kutenga ndi kungawonongedwe ndi zochita za colchicine. Microtubules zili hyaloplasm ndi kuchita ntchito zotsatirazi:

• kulenga kusintha, koma pa nthawi yomweyo, wamphamvu maselo mafupa, amene amalola kuti musunge mawonekedwe ake;
• kutenga mbali kufalitsa DNA khungu;
• kupereka kayendedwe ka organelles;
• ali pakati khungu, komanso michirayo imakhala yosiyanasiyana ndi cilia.

Microfilaments - yarns anayikidwa pansi nembanemba plasma ndi lopangidwa ndi mapuloteni akitini kapena myosin. Iwo akhoza yafupika, ndi chifukwa chake kuli gulu la cytoplasm ndi selo nembanemba protrusion. Komanso, zigawo zikuluzikulu zimenezi nawo mapangidwe m'chiuno pa magawano selo.

pakati Cell (centrosome)

organelle iyi imakhala ndi centrioles awiri ndi tsentrosfery. Centriole cylindrical mawonekedwe. Makoma ake anapanga ndi microtubules atatu, amene kuphatikiza ndi mzake kudzera crosslinks. awiriawiri Centriole imakonzedwa pa kumathandiza kupeza ngodya zabwino ufulu wina ndi mnzake. Tikumbukenso kuti chomera maselo apamwamba alibe organelles izi.

Udindo waukulu pakati selo - kuonetsetsa ngakhale yogawa DNA pa magawano selo. Iye alinso malo a gulu la cytoskeleton lapansi.

organelle kayendedwe

Kunyamula organelles kayendedwe ka cilia ndi michirayo imakhala yosiyanasiyana. Izi zophuka kakang'ono mu mawonekedwe a tsitsi. Bakiteriya udzakhalire 20 limapangidwa microtubules. Maziko lili cytoplasm ndi umatchedwa thupi woyambira. bakiteriya udzakhalire kutalika 100 mamita kapena kuposa. Michirayo imakhala yosiyanasiyana, amene microns 10-20 yekha, wotchedwa cilia. Kutsetsereka microtubules wa cilia ndi michirayo imakhala yosiyanasiyana amatha oscillate, kuchititsa kayendedwe ka selo. The cytoplasm anyamula fibrils contractile, ndipo amatchedwa myofibrils - izo organelles maselo nyama. Myofibrils zambiri anaikidwa maselo minofu - ena a minofu, komanso maselo a mtima. Iwo amakhala ndi ulusi wocheperako (protofibrils).

Tikumbukenso kuti myofibril mitolo zigwirizana CHIKWANGWANI mdima - ndi anisotropic zimbale, komanso zazikulu - ndi isotropic mbale. Kandalama unit wa myofibril ndi - sarcomere. Gawo ili pakati pa anisotropic ndi litayamba isotropic amene ali akitini ndi myosin filaments. Ndi motsetsereka sarcomere awo kufupikitsa zikachitika, imbaenda kayendedwe ka ulusi onse minofu. Likugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu ya ATP ndi calcium ayoni.

Mothandizidwa michirayo imakhala yosiyanasiyana mogwirizana ndi spermatozoa kusuntha nyama. Cilia ndi kayendedwe thupi ciliate-nsapato. Nyama ndi anthu iwo kuphimba pneumatic Airways ndi kuthandiza kuchotsa nkhani yabwino particulate monga fumbi. Komanso, pali pseudopodia yomwe amoeboid kayendedwe ndi zinthu za zinthu zambiri unicellular ndi nyama (mwachitsanzo, leukocytes) maselo.

zomera ambiri sangathe kusamukira ku malo. kayendedwe ndi kukula, kayendedwe masamba ndi kusintha mu cytoplasm otaya selo.

Pomaliza

Ngakhale zosiyanasiyana zonse maselo, iwo onse ndi dongosolo ofanana ndi bungwe. Kapangidwe ndi ntchito ya organelles ndi katundu zofanana, kuonetsetsa ntchito wabwinobwino ngati selo limodzi lokha, ndipo lonse chamoyo.

tingathe kusonyeza chitsanzo ichi motere.

Table "organelles maselo eukaryotic,"

organelle	selo chomera	zooblast	ntchito zofunika
pachimake	ndi	ndi	Kusunga DNA, RNA galamafoniyo ndi kaphatikizidwe mapuloteni
endoplasmic reticulum	ndi	ndi	kaphatikizidwe mapulotini, lipids ndi chakudya, kudzikundikira ayoni calcium, Golgi zovuta mapangidwe
mitochondria	ndi	ndi	ATP kaphatikizidwe mwini michere ndi mapuloteni
plastids	ndi	palibe	nawo photosynthesis, kudzikundikira wowuma, lipids, mapuloteni, carotenoids
ribosome	ndi	ndi	kusonkhanitsa unyolo polypeptide (mapuloteni kaphatikizidwe)
microtubules ndi microfilaments	ndi	ndi	kulola selo kukhalabe mawonekedwe ena ndi mbali yofunika ya pakati selo, cilia ndi michirayo imakhala yosiyanasiyana kupereka kayendedwe ka organelles
lysosomes	ndi	ndi	chimbudzi cha zinthu mkati mwa selo, kuononga nyumba yake osafunika nawo ziŵalo maselo chifukwa autolysis
chachikulu chapakati vacuole	ndi	palibe	Imakhala selo khoma voteji amasonkhana zakudya ndi zinthu zotha selo, loopsali ndi phytohormones, komanso inki, madzi posungira
Golgi zovuta	ndi	ndi	amatulutsa ndi amasonkhana mapulotini, lipids ndi chakudya, modifies zakudya kulowa khungu, ndiye amachititsa mapangidwe lysosomes
cytocentrum	kumeneko, kupatula zomera apamwamba	ndi	Ndi malo a gulu la cytoskeleton amatipatsa yunifolomu khromozomu tsankho pa magawano selo
myofibrils	palibe	ndi	kupereka kuchepetsa minofu minofu

Ngati mosiyana, tikhoza kunena kuti pali kusiyana maganizo pang'ono pakati pa maselo nyama ndi zomera. Pankhaniyi mbali kapangidwe ndi organelles (tebulo tanena kale, kutsimikizira izo) ali ambiri gulu mfundo. ntchito foni monga dongosolo yolongosoka ndi Integrated. Pankhaniyi, organelles ntchito ndi inakula ndi umalimbana mulingo woyenera ntchito ndi kukhalabe selo viability.