Majeremusi ndi sewerolo kapena ogula? gulu la majeremusi

lathuli ndi anthu anthu, nyama mitengo yake, zitsamba, bowa. Koma kuwonjezera zamoyo opindulitsa, pali zoipa, monga majeremusi. N'chifukwa zina zili zoipa, pamene ena apindule? Majeremusi zikuchitika, zimene gulu lawo? Werengani nkhaniyi.

opanga

Pa mtima wa topezeka aliyense tikukhala ndi zamoyo zopanda moyo. Otsiriza amatchedwa zinthu abiotic. Kapangidwe aliyense biotic zotheka popanda kubala - zamoyo, angathe kubala zinthu organic, pogwiritsa ntchito zochita kupanga. Zikuphatikizapo mbewu dzuwa ndondomeko chimene chimachitika mothandizidwa ndi mphamvu ya kuwala. Chipinda ntchito mpweya, madzi ndi mchere ena atadziŵa wotchedwa chlorophyll angathe synthesizing organic.

consuments

Kodi zamoyo kuti kudyetsa pa nkhani organic wokonzeka. Zikuphatikizapo nyama, anthu ena tizilombo, zomera. Ndi majeremusi kodi? Kutengera pa njira ya moyo, ali ndi ogula. Ndipo iwo anabwera ku mitundu yosiyanasiyana.

• Chachikulu kapena woyamba dongosolo. Zikuphatikizapo nyama, chakudya chimene ndi zomera.
• Secondary kapena wachiwiri ndi wotsatira malamulo. Iwo kudya zakudya nyama, koma zakudya zawo imakhala ndi zamoyo masamba, mwachitsanzo, ogula chachikulu. Izi zikutanthauza kuti majeremusi ake. Konsumentami ndi nyama yambiri zinthu organic. Ambiri mwa mphamvu amalandira zomera kudya. Chimenechi ndicho chiyambi cha unyolo wonse chakudya. Ogwirira kudya zimakhala za nyama zamiyendo Inayi, ndipo zimadya ofooka. Majeremusi kulibe likuvutika zamoyo zina, ndipo, iwonso, ntchito sverhparazity. Kuchokera pamenepa, ndizoonekeratu kuti majeremusi ndi ogula. Tizilombo decomposers-mapeto chakudya unyolo, kubwezeretsa organic mu boma mchere. Mphamvu otaya pamene pang'onopang'ono wotaya mphamvu zake.

decomposers

Gulu makamaka tizilombo bowa kuti awononge zotsalira za zomera ndi nyama zakufa, wodziwonetsa iwo mu madzi ndi mpweya. Choncho, majeremusi ndi majeremusi amene malizitsani mkombero ndi kubwerera nkhani kuonongeka mmbuyo mu mlengalenga, koma boma latsopano. Choncho ndi mapangidwe unyolo chakudya, amene ali ku opanga ogula ndi decomposers.

Majeremusi ndi decomposers, ngati iwo ali ndi zogwirizana ndi mmene awo ndi moyo. Onse zigawo zikuluzikulu za unyolo chakudya ndi mosamala inakula. Iwo olo: ena kuyamwa zinthu zosiyanasiyana ndipo ena a m'ndende. Mpweya ndi organic zinthu apanga opanga ndiponso kudyetsa consuments kupuma ndiponso decomposers.

heterotrophs

chamoyo ichi si angathe synthesizing organic ku zochita kupanga. Choncho, zinthu zina akuzipanga izo, ndipo heterotrophic yekha potsikira shelufu. Heterotrophs m'deralo - zosiyana kuti ogula ndi decomposers. Majeremusi ndi heterotrophs, amenenso: anthu ndi nyama, zomera ndi bowa, sangathe tizilombo photosynthesis. Ena-heterotrophic zomera, wotchedwa chlorophyll palibe kwathunthu. Zikuphatikizapo duwali ndi broomrape, ndipo ena atasunga zina za izo. Mwachitsanzo, dodder.

zomera Parasitic

Kodi iwo mukufuna? zomera, tizilombo ndi anthu amene ataya luso kudzimvera mapangidwe mankhwala organic, i.e. kwa ndondomeko ya photosynthesis. Iwo sabala mphamvu mankhwala kwa mphamvu yake ndi akuyamwitsa kuyamwa ndi zomera makamu, ndi zomwe kudya. Kuti tipulumuke, majeremusi adzadziphatika mizu ndi mitengo ya mbewuzo wobzalidwa ndi chilombo. Anamwalira zakudya zomera khamu wofooka kwambiri ndipo sangathe bwinobwino. Yambani kwanthawi kumbuyo mu kukula ndi kungokhala pamodzimodzi. Pa zomera, zipatso musati zipse.

zomera ndi parasitic dodder mitundu ina, monga clover ndi nyemba. namsongole awa sali wotchedwa chlorophyll ndi mizu. Iwo ali ndi nthawi yawo, kusintha zimayambira kwathunthu amuzungulire chomera khamu ndipo anayambitsa izo. Tsinde majeremusi, monga dodder imayamwa madzi mpaka mpaka mbewu issushat kwathunthu. Pali mizu majeremusi, monga broomrape. Iwo amaukira mizu ya mpendadzuwa, tomato, fodya, mankhwala.

Bzalani semiparasites

Zakudya zawo nawonso zakudya khamu chomera majeremusi kuti adzadziphatika mizu kapena zimayambira. Koma semiparasites angathe photosynthesize. Ndipo komabe, ngati chomera umafa, udzu-semiparasites kupitiriza kukhala yekha. Chitsanzo ndi mistletoe, amene ali wotchedwa chlorophyll, ndipo ali ndi luso photosynthesis. Ena chakudya amabala poluparazit paokha akuyandama zimakhala zakuya za khamu chomera suckers.

Mistletoe ali mitundu yosiyanasiyana, ndipo pafupifupi onse a iwo parasitic pa mitengo. Ndipo mistletoe za mtundu womwewo ulipo mwakachetechete pa mitengo yosiyanasiyana. Koma mu chikhalidwe pali subtypes, amene ndinazolowera mitundu iliyonse umodzi wa mtengo. Mwachitsanzo, ngati mistletoe mphukira paini mphanga pa peyala ndi kuyamba kuuononga, gulu la nsalu nkhuni omertveyut ndipo mistletoe afa.

bowa majeremusi

Iwo mu chikhalidwe, pali mitundu zikwi ziwiri. Kuti apulumuke, bowa, tizilombo ntchito mwiniwake. Iwo tizilombo, nyama, nsomba ndi zomera. Malo kuthetsa bowa mwina mitengo akufa, nyama kapena masamba wagwa. Pakuti bowa, tizilombo monga rusts, mwaye, ergot. Zikukhudzira mbatata, tirigu, Mapila ndi zomera zina. Zimenezi zimabweretsa zokolola m'munsi.

Pakuti bowa, tizilombo monga Aspergillus ndi Cordyceps, malo kuthetsa amene muli nyerere. Kachilombo njuchi mycelium bowa Aspergillus amakula msanga. Zimenezi zimabweretsa wokutira chitinous chivundikiro tizilombo chipolopolo woyera. Bee afa. Koma Cordyceps bowa, kotero iye amapeza bwino: zikukhazikitsa mkati mbozi zimene amadyetsa zam'mimba ake ndi kukula kunja. Kamodzi chimene chimachitika, mbozi afa. The zoipa kwambiri ndi akuti amanita ndi pholiota.

gulu la majeremusi

Bukuli lili ndi muyezo zosiyanasiyana. Tiyeni tione ena mwa iwo. majeremusi malo awa:

• Internal Kuthetsa mkati gulu lake.
• moyo kunja pamwamba pa thupi khamu.

Ndi nthawi ya parasitism pa chitukuko:

• Zonse - ndi mavuto pa moyo wawo. Mwachitsanzo, ndi oyamba.
• Zodziwitsa - kuwonetseredwa osiyana nthawi. Mwachitsanzo, flatworms.
• Yochepa - nthawi imodzi kapena zambiri amakumana kanthawi ndi khamu. Izo zikhoza kukhala utitiri, misundu, nsikidzi, udzudzu.

Pa ubwenzi ndi mwini wake wa tiziromboti ndi:

• Chopanda malire - njira ya chitukuko cha tiziromboti sangathe kutha popanda m'khalapakati.
• Wachibale - majeremusi pa siteji zina za chitukuko ndi moyo.