Mphamvu Tree ku Russia: chiwembu

mfundo zimene unapangidwa mphamvu dera nkhuni ndi nthambi, wakhala anakonza kwa nthawi yoyamba ndi J. Locke -. English mphunzitsi amene anakhalako 17. Iye anali mdani yogwira nkhanza ndi kulimbikitsa chiphunzitso cha mgwirizano chikhalidwe ndi kukondera. Mu umodzi wa zolemba zake, Locke anapereka kugawana mphamvu mbali zitatu. Kenako, mfundo imeneyi ambiri. Tiganizire moposera kuti chiwembu ndi mtengo wa mphamvu.

makhalidwe General

Author mfundo yolekanitsa mphamvu, Locke akufuna kusiyanitsa mu nthambi zitatu:

1. Executive. mutu wake akhale mfumu.
2. Zokonza. Ndi nyumba yamalamulo.
3. Federal. Monga mbali ya mbali iyi ikuchitika mfundo yachilendo.

Ndi nthambi Yolamula anagwiritsanso Locke mabwalo amilandu. lachitsanzo miyambo wakhala bungwe la French wophunzitsa Shii. L. Monteske. mphamvu yake nkhuni chiwembu m'gulu:

1. Anthu.
2. mabungwe Executive. Komanso kuperekedwa ndi mfumu ndipo ndithudi zochepa.
3. Milandu. Zinchito zake zikuphatikiza poika chilango kwa milandu ndi mikangano pakati pa anthu.
4. Mphamvu zokonza malamulo. Ziyenera kukhala msonkhano wa oimira kufotokoza zofuna za anthu.

nthambi za mitengo ndi mphamvu Montesquieu kutumikira monga muyezo wa chowongolera gulu kumwa. Komabe, asilikali ake Constitution sakunena mumaganiza mgwirizano. Iwo anali ankaganiza kuti udindo wapamwamba wa Institute Babulo adzakhala aphungu. Chiphunzitso cha kulekana thandizo ndi Rousseau. Komabe, mphamvu zake mtengo kumadalira pa mfundo za patsogolo za ulamuliro wa anthu. Rousseau Ufumuyo zofunika kwambiri demokalase mwachindunji.

United States

America poyamba anakhazikitsidwa monga Republic a. Pankhaniyi, chitaganya analengeza mu magawo oyambirira. Ndiyeno, iye anali lidzasinthidwa Republican boma feduro. The adayambitsa United States awonjezera kwambiri chiphunzitso cha Kulekana kwa mphamvu za. Iwo wolungama kufunika ufulu ndi padera malangizo chachikulu. Panthawiyi lalikulu linali bungwe malamulo. Pofuna kupewa vutoli, anaganiza pa nsoka wa yamalamulo mu House - chapamwamba ndipo m'munsi. Ndondomeko chisankho cha woyamba pa nthawi yomweyo zimasiyana malamulo operekedwa kwa wachiwiri. M'chipinda cham'mwamba anali ankaganiza zimabweretsa kuletsa kwa pansi. Zakuweluzidwa kwa milandu ali ndi udindo wapadera.

mchitidwe World

M'dziko la mphamvu mtengo oyendetsera dziko amadziwika zimachitika pakati pa nyumba yamalamulo boma ndiponso mtsogoleri. mphamvu osiyana kusanduka zosiyanasiyana za boma. Choncho, anapanga munthu kapena chiwembu wina wa mphamvu mtengo.

Kalasi 3: dziko

Kudziwana woyamba ndi mfundo yolekanitsa mumaganiza ulamuliro ndi ana ku pulayimale. The maphunziro a kuzungulira dziko iwo anapereka chiwembu mwachilungamo wophweka mphamvu mtengo. Kalasi 3 siyikhuzana mozama za njira zosiyanasiyana za boma. Ana apatsidwa nzeru ambiri kuti amakuonani ndi maganizo a zida loyang'anira za boma. Choncho iwo ajambule mtengo yosavuta mphamvu. 3 kalasi amapereka pulogalamu monga familiarization ndi maganizo amenewa, ngati malamulo. Ndipotu, komanso enshrines mfundo yolekanitsa malipoti a boma mu malangizo.

ufumu

Mtengo ndi nthambi za mphamvu mu Russia pa nthawi ya ufumu zochepa (pakati kusintha ziwiri) anena kuti Nyumba yamalamulo ili ndi ufulu malamulo, ndipo mfumu ndipamene boma ndipo ali ndi mphamvu zoika malamulo veto. A dongosolo ofanana wakhala UK pambuyo utasintha Glorious. Mu ufumu aphungu, mutu wa dziko imatengedwa kuti mwadzina. Iye alibe mphamvu zawo paokha. Mfumu ali ndi ufulu kukhazikitsa boma ku athana ndi chisankho ndi nthumwi za zipani amapanga ambiri. Iye ingaperekedwe, ndi mphamvu zina. Koma kwenikweni akuthamanga dziko mutu wa boma. Chotero mtengo wa mphamvu zitha kukhalapo mu kukhalapo khola dongosolo awiri chipani.

ufumu mtheradi

mphamvu zonse, monga dzina lake likunenera, ndi anaikira mu manja a mfumu. Pankhaniyi, ndithudi, za Chigawo chilichonse funso. Nthawiyi kudziwika wokonzanso Speranski akufuna ntchito imene anamanga ufumu oyendetsera dziko ndi matupi nthumwi koyamba dongosolo choimirira. Komanso, kuyembekezera kukhazikitsa mfundo ya Kulekana kwa mphamvu za:

1. Zokonza anasamutsa Wamkulu Duma.
2. Executive - mfumu.
3. Milandu - makhoti, lotsogoledwa ndi Senate ndi loweruza.

Komanso, mphamvu za umakhoza Bungwe la State. Pa Decembrists anali ndi maganizo awoawo pankhaniyi. Choncho, Pestel akufuna kukhazikitsa boma la ulamuliro wa Republican. Mu dongosolo ili, anafuna kuti atchule Kulekana kwa mphamvu za pakati pa wamkulu (kuphatikizapo chilungamo mmenemo), malamulo ndi woyang'anira. Kuwonjezera izo akufuna kuwonjezera mchitidwe wa anthu. Malinga polojekiti Muraviev, pali kukhazikitsidwa kwa mafumu malamulo, unit feduro. Mu dongosolo lake, mphamvu lagawidwa malamulo, zachiweruzo ndi wamkulu, anayambitsa yamalamulo bicameral. Alexander II kusintha. Chifukwa cha zimenezi, anapanga m'boma ndi dongosolo logwirizana la mabwalo amilandu. Mu 1905-1906 gg. Pambuyo pa kukhazikitsidwa kwa State Duma, mfundo ya Kulekana kwa mphamvu za mizu Manifesto wa October 17. Malinga ndi chikalata ulamuliro malamulo wogwidwa mfumu pamodzi ndi Duma ndi Council State. Mfumu anapatsidwanso mphamvu wamkulu. Makhoti kugwira ntchito zawo m'malo mwa mfumu. Bungwe la Atumiki inasanduka boma lodziimira palokha pansi mfumu.

Republic of Pulezidenti

Ndi mawonekedwe a boma mtengo mphamvu zikuwoneka bwino ndithu. The US Constitution la 1787 anakhazikitsa mfundo ya kugawikana kwambiri. Malinga ndi njira anakhazikitsa chisankho cha Pulezident imagwiridwa ndi extraparliamentary. Iye atsogolera lonse zamalamulo ndi boma. Pulezidenti ali ndi ufulu veto suspensive ndipo sangathe kupasuka yamalamulo. Izi mawonekedwe ntchito mosasamala dongosolo chipani. Komabe, sasamalira njira kuthetsa mavuto malamulo.

mphamvu Tree ku Russia: chiwembu panthawi Soviet

Pa nthawi Soviet, kulekanitsa mfundo Iyayi ikuchitika. Mphamvu zonse ku Soviet Union kunali (yokhala anthu). Executive ndi zina matupi popangidwa ndi iwo ndipo anali kulamulira. Tree mphamvu Russia mu nthawi Soviet presupposed kuli phwando limodzi. Chisankho imachitika popanda wopikisana naye. chipani nthumwi zake kwa Board, ndi mwa iwo - mu ziwalo zina.

wapamwamba-Pulezidenti Republic

Mu mawonekedwe a boma kwenikweni akutembenukira mphamvu umodzi-mtengo Russia. Chiwembu Pankhaniyi siyikhuzana kuwalimbikitsa ndi wamkulu ndi matupi malamulo. Pulezidenti m'dzikoli kuchita zipangizo zawo ntchito konse. Iye ndipamene boma chimasintha chilamulo, amasungunula nyumba yamalamulo. Pulezidenti utha kuitanitsa referendum. Iye amasankhidwa ndi anthu, koma samalani chigonjetso chake kudzera gwero la ntchitoyi. Nthawi zina gwirani referendum pa anakafika mphamvu ya pulezidenti. A boma yodziwika ndi ankhanza authoritarian. Kwa nyengo yaifupi, zikhoza kuikidwa pa nthawi ya kuchotsa mavuto a malamulo. Makamaka, uwu unali mtengo wa mphamvu mu Russia kwa September 21 December 25, 1993

Kusintha 1988-1993 gg.

panali kusintha angapo malamulo a dziko lino Russia. Pa Chilamulo Basic anasintha zina mu 1988, kusintha. Makamaka, awiri gawo dongosolo Board adamuumbayo. Choncho, kusankha kwa akuluakulu anthu ikuchitika ndi nzika, ndi mapangidwe Bungwe la Supreme zinapangidwa ndi Congress. Komanso, kusinthidwa chaperekedwa mwayi kusankha ofuna palokha. Mu 1990, boma la Soviet Union koyamba chisankho mpikisano. Patapita chaka chimodzi, kusintha anapangidwa mu Constitution la RSFSR, chimene anapanga Komiti yoyang'anira Council Federation. Mu 1991, pa referendum Onse-Russian chinaperekedwa kwa kukhazikitsidwa kwa malo a pulezidenti. Constituion, iye saona monga mutu wa dziko ndipo anali kapitawo wa mkulu wa matupi wamkulu.

Apanso, funso ya Kulekana kwa mphamvu za analeredwa mu 1992. Ichi chinali chifukwa mavuto kwambiri malamulo a dziko lino dziko. Chifukwa cha kusintha zinachitikadi mu September 1993, imene chitsutso anayesa kulanda wa pulezidenti Yeltsin. Komabe, mutu wa boma watenga zingapo zoyezera, mwa amene anali kuvunda kwa dongosolo lino la akulu kudutsa dziko, kulanda wamkulu ndi mphamvu zaboma ndi maboma m'dera ndi dera. December 12, 1993 referendum dziko anavomereza kuti malamulo atsopano kuti enshrine mfundo ya Kulekana kwa mphamvu za, akuchitira lero.

Pomaliza

Lingaliro la Kulekana kwa mphamvu za chinaperekedwa ku zinthu zosiyanasiyana zimasintha. The ndondomeko ya maiko osiyanasiyana malo anakafika ku koyamba ziwembu okhwima nthawi anaonekera. Olemba adafotokoza ulamuliro mfundo mabungwe malamulo. Koma m'zaka 19-20th. sichidalakika woimirira ndi nthambi wamkulu. Ichi ndi chifukwa zovuta kuchuluka kwa dongosolo lonse ulamuliro pa nkhani ya mafakitale ndiyeno anthu mudziwe. M'mayiko zambiri zakhala malamulo nthambi, mana anaperekedwa pa makhalidwe a mabungwe andale. Pamene multiparty zimenezi zinachititsa kuti Kusakhazikika kwa BOMA limagwirira, ndi kusintha kuja boma, ndi chipani chimodzi chokha - ndi kulamulira kwa Mgwirizano akulamulira. Zinthu zamakono kulekana zinachitikadi nthambi osati pakati pa atatu ufulu amagwira amasiyana ndi malangizo dongosolo limodzi la mphamvu. Umphumphu wa boma kulibe zipangizo zingapo kulamulira. Komanso nthambi silingayende kwathunthu payokha Chrixitu.