Transport ndi malo lawolawo la Russia: zizindikiro ubwino ndi kuipa. Ndipo zachuma ndi zoyendera Hrs udindo wa Russia

Russia ndi dziko lalikulu kwambiri padziko lonse. Kumpoto kumtunda mfundo ndi Cheliuskin mamita (t-kwa Tajmyr) insular - .. M Fligely (a Rudolf.). Oika kumadzulo gawo imatengedwa pa mchenga malovu mu Kaliningrad (Baltic Sea), kum'mawa -. M Dezhnev (Chukotka).

Limatchula za gawolo

Kutalika kwa malire amakhudza kwambiri pa malo zachuma ndi zoyendera komanso malo a Russia. Pafupifupi magawo a boma lili kum'mawa kwa dziko lapansi. Ambiri m'dzikoli kumatsimikizira mmene kusiyana nthawi - maola 10. Kumene kulibe anthu ambiri m'madera ndi timezones nyanja m'malire kupitirira meridians lapansi. M'madera amene kuli anthu ambirimbiri, iwo lifanane ndi malire loyang'anira nkhani. Onse kutalika kwa malire a Federation ndi Russian - 60 zikwi makilomita .. Awa, 40 thous. Km amaonedwa nyanja. Iwo ali mu Km 22,7 mwa nyanja. Pa makilomita 370 kuchokera kumtunda ndipo zisumbu zili malire a apanyanja mabacteria chuma dziko. Moyenerera analola kutumiza kwa dziko. The m'zigawo zachilengedwe madzi ndi subsoil wopangidwa yekha Akuluakulu a ku Russia.

malire a kumpoto

Amadutsa madzi a Arctic Ocean nyanja: ndi Barents, Kara, East Siberia, Laptev Sea. Onse koma choyamba anaphimba chaka paketi ayezi. Mu nkhani imeneyi, mayendedwe a katundu pa iwo ovuta kwambiri. Mu Ocean Arctic ndi gawo Russian ya Arctic. m'zilumba zake zonse ndi la Russia, kupatula ochepa a Svalbard zilumba.

West ndi East

Kum'mawa malire unachitikira ndi Pacific Ocean ndi nyanja ya Okhotsk, Nyanja Bering, nyanja ya Japan. Sakhalin Island ndi wosiyana ndi za. Hokkaido La Perouse Khwalala. Nyanja ya Japan amaundana, amene amathandiza limasonyeza zoyendera ndi anansi yapafupi. The madzi a m'Nyanja Baltic la Chitaganya cha Russia chikugwirizana ndi Germany, mayiko Baltic, Poland, Sweden. Mbali ya kumpoto madzi m'madera ena kuzizira, ndi pa zina - palibe. Nyanja Baltic imapereka zoyendera kugwirizana ndi mayiko Western European. Mu kum'mwera kumadzulo kwa malire apanyanja akuthamanga limodzi Black ndi Azov Pacific. Small kutalika kwa mzere komanso ali pa Nyanja ya Caspian.

Transport ndi malo lawolawo la Russia (9 kalasi)

Pamaso pa kugwa kwa Soviet Union, dziko anali 4 kubwereketsa waukulu nyanja:

1. Black Sea.
2. North Sea.
3. Pacific.
4. Baltic.

Utatha Soviet Union kupanga boma palokha, izo analenga CIS. N'zochititsa chidwi anasintha zoyendera ndipo malo lawolawo la Russia. Mwachidule, azingokhala, Union okha kwambiri kuthekera mwayi yawoyawo maulendo waukulu malonda la dzikolo. Izi makamaka chilemba m'dera la Black ndi Baltic Pacific. Zimenezi, kwakhudza zinthu geopolitical.

madoko

Transport ndi vuto lawolawo la Russia lero m'malo zovuta. dziko chakhala pafupifupi asakhalenso mu Baltic States. A mayiko doko lalikulu lero kumadzulo ndi St. Petersburg. Imakhala misewu mkati mwa njira zomwe mogwirizana ngati fani mu madera osiyana kwa izo. Kaliningradskij Viborgskiy madoko ndi amene angathe m'munsi ndi kuchulukana. Mu Black Sea-Azov beseni ndi pali mavuto. M'dera limeneli mozama madoko awiri - Tuapse ndi Novorossiysk. Kudzera mwa iwo zimagulitsidwa mafuta ndi tirigu kunja. Koma madoko awa sali zipilalapo kuti potsegula katundu chidutswa ndipo muli. Transport ndi malo lawolawo la Russia komanso ndi kobvuta chifukwa chakuti kum'mwera ndi kumpoto chakumadzulo pali malo m'mphepete mwa nyanja oyenera yomanga quays popanda ndalama malire.

kumpoto Way

Ofala zoyendera ndipo malo lawolawo la Russia kwambiri zimasokoneza kugwirizana nyanja ndi mayiko a West mwa Black ndi Baltic nyanja. Pamodzi ndi ichi kuchuluka udindo kumpoto madoko. njira iyi amagwirizana ndi mkulu-kumpoto m'malo yowopsa amalinyero. Komabe, panopa ndi ndithu vuto pachimake cha kuchuluka kwa mphamvu madoko kumpoto. Kusintha kwa njira misewu ikuluikulu kutenga zaka. Choncho, mu 1932, ku Murmansk kuti ndi Bering Strait, ndipo mu 1935 - zinachitika popanda yozizira Chombo kwa Vladivostok "Siberians". Zonse kusambira wayamba kuyambira 1937. Zombo anatenga pafupi mwezi kuphimba patali. Navigation pa njira kumpoto ndi miyezi 4. khwalala Apa zikugwirizana Far East ndi madoko European, m'kamwa mwa mitsinje ya ku Siberia. Tikumbukenso kuti Siberia pafupifupi munthu maulendo basi. Pa nkhani imeneyi, mtengo wa mzere wa kumpoto kokha kuonjezera.

Far East

Anasintha masiku a USSR zoyendera ndipo malo lawolawo la Russia, ubwino ndi kuipa kwa zimene pamene ife tiyang'ana pa dera lililonse zimaonekera, kukakamiza boma kuti refocus zoyesayesa zake pa chitukuko cha m'madera akumidzi. Izi, makamaka, amagwirizana ndi kukula ofooka mwa malo Far East. Ndipo pali ubwino m'chigawochi. Mmodzi mwa ubwino yaikulu ya Far East ndi kupereka zotuluka ku Pacific Ocean. Ngati inu kukhala kumbali iyi, n'zotheka kwambiri kusintha zoyendera ndipo malo lawolawo la Russia. Ubwino ndi kuipa kwa alipo Today zinthu ku Far East amayamba osati mkati komanso ndi zinthu zina. Choncho, pali madandaulo mu Japan pa zilumba.

njanji

Makamaka kunyamula komanso malo udindo wa Russia akuwonetseredwa osati chitukuko cha maulendo nyanja. Masiku ano pali mavuto kugwirizana ndi ntchito zoyendera sitima. Zitsanzo zoyendera Russian ndi malo lawolawo ku Soviet ndi panopa bwino umboni izi. Choncho, mu zaka za USSR pa malire a kumadzulo 25 sitima kuwoloka anali anaikira. Masiku ano, ku Russia ali okha 3:

1. Ku dera Kaliningrad kuti Poland mu Brest.
2. Ndi Finland.
3. Ku St. Petersburg kuti Grodno.

Kuipa mayendedwe ndi malo malo amene zoonekeratu ndi Russia m'munda zoyendera msewu. Kuyenda misewu okwera mtengo kwambiri kwa dziko. Pakali pano, pali kwambiri mphamvu yochepa ya njanji ndi misewu, komanso nyanja ndi mtsinje madoko.

EGP ndi zoyendera Hrs udindo wa Russia

Pofuna kudziwa malo a dziko poyerekeza ndi maiko ena limafotokoza udindo wake pa malo pankhani ya zachuma ndi chikhalidwe. Malinga zolozerazi, amaweruza zoyendera ndipo malo lawolawo la Russia. Pamene kupenda mamba osiyanasiyana amagwiritsidwa ntchito:

1. Zazikulu mlingo. Iwo amakhala ndi kuti dziko la ntchito ya padziko lonse, dziko lonse lonse ndi ulemu ku Chile, madera kiyi wa zachuma padziko lonse ndale, maulendo zoyendera.
2. Meso. Iye amadziwika dziko poyerekezera ndi magulu a mayiko amene amapanga m'madera mbiri (Asia-Pacific, Asia South).
3. Yaying'ono mlingo. Pa lonse lino, kusanthula zoyendera ndipo malo lawolawo la Russia mwachibale kwa mayiko m'malire.

malo Geopolitical limasonyeza boma pa mapu ndale za dzikoli. EGP yodziwika ndi udindo wa dziko pa mlingo zachuma. Yerekezerani ntchito malo ofunika chuma dziko. EGP anatsimikiza ndi zoyendera ndipo malo m'mayiko ambiri.

meso

Chifukwa kusintha zinthu geopolitical, kusamuka aliyense umayenda. Ndi kugwa kwa USSR mu Russian ntchito reallocation anayamba. Wogwirizira kusamuka utuluke anayamba kukhazikika mu Urals ndi dera Volga. Ambiri anakhalabe mu Krasnodar ndi Stavropol m'madera. Pamodzi ndi kayendedwe ka maulendo ataliatali anayamba yosamutsa wa asilikali malo malire. kusintha kwambiri amalembedwa ndi msika malo ake ndi zibwenzi dera malonda, pakati mafakitale mwa njira zoyendera.

m'madera gulu

Today kutali madera zinthu zabwino zogwiritsa ntchito zachuma. Pali malo ena mavuto mabizinesi. Gulu loyamba ndi iwo amene ali mu zone ya chikoka chachikulu feduro Aang'onoang'ono mayendedwe: Moscow ndi dera, madera a m'mphepete mwa nyanja, Sverdlovsk, Perm dera. ndi zina zotero. Gulu lachiwiri zikuphatikizapo madera ili mu hinterland kuti: dera Volga-Vyatka, Western ndi kum'mawa Siberia, ndi Magadan Oblast, Komi Republic ndi m'madera ena zotumphukira.

zofunika geopolitical

Mbiri yakale amanena kuti USSR anali mu biopolyarnom dziko (America - NATO, Soviet Union - gulu la mgwirizano Warsaw). Utatha wa anasintha geopolitical udindo wa Russia. Dziko lapansi likupitirirabe pang'onopang'ono multipolar. Mu malamulo ake, Russia ayenera kuganizira gulu wina wa mayiko. Panopa, maulalo zofunika osati ndi inati CIS. Pakuti Russia patsogolo lero akutumikira kukhazikitsa mgwirizano ndi maiko onse amene misika kungakhale kopindulitsa kugulitsa zinthu zawo ndi kugula katundu anatsirizika nokha. boma liyenera kuika pa olamulira amenewa, omwe akutipatsa mwayi apindule pazipita ku asapita kunja. zofunika osiyana kalero kugwirizana ndi angapo zinthu zimene zinali zogwirizana ndiye. Lero zinthu zasintha. Choncho, reoriented ndi zofunika kwambiri. Iwo cholinga:

1. Kum'mwera ndi kumadzulo kwa Ulaya. Maulalo wolimba umene ulipo ndi Germany.
2. Eastern Europe States. Iwo Russia akufuna kusintha ndi muzilankhulana bwino.
3. Asia-Pacific maiko (China, India, Japan, Korea).

Kusintha zinthu geopolitical achititsa zingapo zotsatira zoipa. Panopa malonda akunja ndi mayiko a kumadzulo ndi Chigawo kum'mwera kudutsa maiko CIS. Izi complicates kwambiri ntchito za mayendedwe ndi ntchito ya chikhalidwe mayiko wa mafuta ndi mphamvu zovuta.

Pomaliza

Pakali pano, Russia akadali atenge mbali ya munthu wa Waogula Zinthu Kunja yaikulu ya zipangizo. Pa nthawi yomweyo dziko ndi importer a ndalama ndi katundu malonda dziko. Komabe, chuma "chitsanzo," akubweretsa ndalama zina, sangamvetse kuonetsetsa mofulumira ndi chitukuko cha boma. Izi zili choncho makamaka chifukwa zikutha m'mayiko minda alipo, chosowa ndalama zokwanira kuti chitukuko cha latsopano zipangizo zamakono avale ndi misozi, obsolescence matekinoloje kupanga ndi processing. Chimodzi mwa zinthu zofunika kwa dziko lero, malinga ndi akatswiri mu nawo mtima ntchito Multilaterial wa ukulu padziko lonse. Russia panopa amagwira ntchito mwachangu gulu lonse za ntchito. Komabe, njira imeneyi limodzi ndi zotsatira zabwino ndi zoipa. Plus yaima chifukwa chakuti boma ali ndi mwayi kugula pa msika wa mayiko, katundu ndiponso kugwiritsa ntchito pa mitengo yotsika mtengo kwambiri. Pa nthawi yomweyo, dziko ndi munthu amene amagulitsa. Ndipo ngati mitengo kunja ndi poyerekeza zoweta, zotsatira za ntchito imeneyi zidzakhala negative. Ndi mavuto onse, boma ali ndi mfundo qualitatively latsopano. Mu ichi ubwino ambiri amagwiritsa ntchito malo m'mayiko ambiri. Masiku ano, dziko ndi m'mayiko pamwamba khumi amene anasaina mgwirizano pa mgwirizano ndi maiko m'mayiko limati Baltic. A pangano ofanana ndi mphamvu ndi dera Black Sea.