Ekaterinburg: nkhaniyi ndi yochepa. Ekaterinburg: mbiri ya mzindawu

Ekaterinburg ndi umodzi mwa mizinda ikuluikulu ya dziko lathu. Ndili wamng'ono ndipo ndilo la chiwerengero cha midzi yomwe idakhazikitsidwa panthawi yomwe makampani a ku Russia akuyambira ndikukula kwa mizinda. Ndicho chifukwa chake, akamba za Yekaterinburg, mbiri ya mzindawo ili yodzaza ndi zochitika zogwirizana ndi kupanga zitsulo ndi zamalonda. Tiyeni tiyambe kumudziwa.

Ekaterinburg: mbiriyakale ya derali asanakhale olamulira a ku Russia

Mpaka pano, asayansi ali ndi mfundo zomwe zimatipatsa ife kunena kuti gawo la Yekaterinburg yamakono linakhazikitsidwa kale m'zaka za m'ma 800 BC. Pakati pa 6000 ndi 5000 BC. E. Chiwerengero cha malowa chinali kugwira nawo ntchito yopanga zachilengedwe za m'deralo, monga momwe zikuwonetsedwera ndi zochitika zomwe anazipeza popenda kafukufuku wakale. Pankhani yogwiritsira ntchito zitsulo, idayamba kugwira ntchito m'mphepete mwa nyanja ya Iset kuyambira m'ma 1000 AD.

Zomera zoyamba

Panthawi imene anthu a ku Russia akukhala m'dziko la Yekaterinburg masiku ano, panalibe anthu omwe amakhalapo mpaka kalekale, ndipo nthawi zina anthu osankhidwa ndi azondi ndi osaka omwe anali oimira magulu a mtundu wa Turkic ndi Finno-Ugric anaima. Mzinda woyamba wa Russia ku malo awa akuonedwa ngati mudzi wa Old Believers m'mphepete mwa nyanja ya Shartash, yomwe idakhazikitsidwa pozungulira 1672. Pambuyo pake, kunali midzi Nyzhny ndi Upper Uktus. Pambuyo podziwika za zachilengedwe za malowa, mu 1702 adasankha kupeza Uktusky, ndipo mu 1704 nsalu za Shuva Kish. Komabe, mabungwe a boma awa sanachite mogwira mtima monga awo a m'banja la Demidov, kotero mu 1720 Vasily Tatishchev ndi Johann Blier anatumizidwa ku Mitsinje ndi kuyendera. Atafika ku chomera cha Uktus, adayambitsa Ober-Burgamit wa Siberia, omwe ali ndi udindo waukulu kwambiri woyang'anira mafakitale a boma m'chigawochi.

Monga momwe zotsatira za kafukufuku wa Tatishchev zasonyezera, malo osapindulitsa kwambiri anasankhidwa pomanga zitsamba za Shuvakish ndi Uktus. Chifukwa chake, okalamba atsopano a Ober-bergamit anatumiza ku St. Petersburg pempho la chilolezo chomanga malonda atsopano 7 km kuchokera kukale. Sizinakhutsidwe, ndipo Tatishcheva anachotsedwa ntchito, ndikumuuza kuti abwerere ku likulu.

Maziko a mzindawo

Patadutsa zaka ziwiri, Georg de Gennin anafika ku Mizinda ya Urals potsatira malamulo a Peter Wamkulu, yemwe atapenda ndondomeko yomwe anakanidwayo, adamuthandiza. Ntchito yomangayi idayambika pa March 12, 1723, ndipo mwa dongosolo la boma la bungwe la Demidovs linakakamizika kutumiza akatswiri awo abwino ku mabanki a Iset.

Mu November 1723, mphero ya nyundo inayambika mu sitolo ya chomera, ndipo chochitika ichi lero chikuwoneka ngati tsiku la maziko a Yekaterinburg.

Ekaterinburg: mbiriyakale ya mzindawo kumapeto kwa zaka za zana la 18

Pa nthawi ya maziko ake, malonda atsopanowa anali akuluakulu komanso amphamvu kwambiri padziko lapansi. Akulu-General Gennin, amene anali kuyang'anira ntchitoyo, adalankhula yekha kwa Catherine Woyamba ndi pempho lopatsa fakitale yotchedwa Katerinburkh. Mkazi wachifundo adagwirizana, koma adalamula kuti azitcha mzinda wa Ekaterinburg. Dzina ili silinagwirepo, ndipo pasanapite nthawi mbiriyi "Ekaterinburg" inapezeka pamapu a Russia.

Mbiri ya chitukuko cha metallurgy ku Urals kuyambira tsopano inayamba kufanana ndi buku lochititsa chidwi, lodzaza ndi zochitika zodabwitsa. Kuli kotheka kunena kuti Okhulupirira Akale anayamba kukhazikika mu mzinda kuchokera ku Russia konse ndi opanduka omwe anathaŵa ku Moscow. Kumeneko iwo anakhala akapolo, ndipo amene anayesa kuthawa anatumizidwa kundende, yomwe masiku ano idzatchedwa ndende yachibalo.

Kutsutsana kwa Pugachev

Kotero mzindawu unamangidwa kwenikweni pa mafupa a antchito, kunali kunjenjemera. Choncho, panthawi ya Pugachev, anthu ambiri sankafuna kugonjera opandukawo Yekaterinburg. Mbiri yakale idasindikizidwa, kuphatikizapo kuti chipwirikiti chinali kuphulika ngakhale pakati pa atsogoleri omwe sankakhutira ndi mkulu wa nkhono, General Bibikov.

Dera lamapiri

Pambuyo pa msewu waukulu wa Siberia kudutsa mu Yekaterinburg , chitukuko chake chakufulumira chinayamba ngati chingwe chachitsulo pakati pa Ulaya ndi Asia. M'zaka izi, maonekedwe ake adasinthidwa kwambiri. Makamaka, zipilala zambiri za mbiri ya Yekaterinburg zakhazikitsidwa, zomwe lero zikuwoneka kuti ndizozimene zimakonda kwambiri.

Mu 1807, mzindawu unalandira udindo wa phiri, zomwe zinapatsa mwayi wina. Kuchokera nthawi imeneyo, malonda a migodi ya golide ayamba kukula, okhudzana ndi kutsegulidwa kwa chuma chamtengo wapatali cha 85 kufupi ndi mzindawu. Kupyolera mu chitukuko cha migodi, mzindawo unayamba kukulirakulira mofulumira ndikusandulika kukhala imodzi mwazofunikira kwambiri zachuma ndi chikhalidwe cha ufumu wa Russia. Anatsegulidwa nyumba yosungiramo mapiri, malo owonetserako masewera, malo oyendetsa nyengo, ndi zina zotero.

Mbiri ya mzindawo kuchokera kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1900 mpaka ku 1917

Atatha kuthetsa serfdom mu 1861, migodi idayamba kuchepa. Vutoli linakhudzidwa ndi Ekaterinburg. Mbiri ya chitukuko chake chakhalapo mosiyana kwambiri. Mwa kuyankhula kwina, kuyankhula m'chinenero chamakono, kunali kusiyana kwa chuma, chomwe pamapeto pake chinakhudza kwambiri moyo wa nzika. Kukula kwa Yekaterinburg kunalimbikitsidwanso ndi kumanga njanji yomwe ikugwirizanitsa mzinda ndi Perm.

Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za zana la makumi awiri ndi makumi awiri kudza makumi awiri ndi makumi asanu ndi limodzi, mzindawo unayambira pakati pa kayendetsedwe ka kusintha, kotsogoleredwa ndi Yakov Sverdlov. Mu 1905, msonkhano wotsutsana ndi boma womwe unakonzedwa ndi iye unafalitsidwa ndi Cossacks ndi Black Hundreds, omwe adawonetsanso gulu la magazi.

Kutangotsala pang'ono kuchitika kwa Nkhondo Yoyamba Padziko Lonse, Kerensky nayenso anali mlendo ku Yekaterinburg, yemwe anatha kugwira msonkhano wotsutsa. Mogwirizana ndi izi, moyo wamba unali kuchitika mumzindawu, ndipo pafupifupi madzulo a kusintha kwa chaka cha 17 yunivesite yoyamba ku Urals inakhazikitsidwa. Kawirikawiri, mbiri ya sukulu ku Yekaterinburg ndi yosangalatsa kwambiri, monga chitsanzo cha bungwe loyenera la maphunziro a boma m'derali.

Nkhondo Yachiweniweni

Ngakhale mbiri ya misewu ya Yekaterinburg komanso nyumba zake zimakhala zosangalatsa kwambiri. Kotero, aliyense amadziwa Ipatiev House, komwe mu 1918 anawombera banja lonse komanso ena omwe anali anzake apamtima a Nicholas II. Izi zinayambidwa ndi mphamvu yopanda magazi mumzinda mu October 1917 ndi kumangidwa kwa mfumu, ndiyeno anasamukira ku Mitsinje. Kenaka mzindawu kwa kanthawi unali pansi pa ulamuliro wa Czech bodies, ndipo kenako - asilikali a Kolchak. Komabe, mu 1919, mbali za gulu lachiwiri ndi lachitatu la ankhondo a Red Army adalowa mu Yekaterinburg.

Sverdlovsk

Mu 1924, Yekaterinburg inatchulidwanso. Dzina la Soviet la mzindawu linkamveka ngati Sverdlovsk ndipo linakhalapo mpaka 1991. Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yapadziko Lonse isanayambe, mzindawo unali kukulirakulira, ndipo maphunziro atsopano ndi chikhalidwe, komanso mabungwe akuluakulu ogulitsa mafakitale, anatsegulidwa kumeneko. M'zaka zotsatira, zonsezi zidawathandiza kuthetsa fascism ndikubwezeretsa chuma cha Soviet Union. Pakati pa zaka makumi asanu ndi ziŵiri za nkhondo, chitukuko cha Yekaterinburg chinapitirira mofulumira, ndipo kumayambiriro kwa kugwa kwa USSR kunali mzinda wopindulitsa ndi makampani opanga bwino.

Zaka za m'ma 2100

Zaka zaperestroika ndi "kutayika zaka 90" sizinawononge ndalama za Yekaterinburg. Makamaka makampani ambiri ogulitsa mafakitale anatsekedwa. Komabe, kuyambira kumayambiriro kwa zaka za 2000, zinthu zasintha, ndipo lero mzindawu ukupitirizabe kukhala ndi chuma chambiri. Panthawiyi, Yekaterinburg imakhala ndi zochitika zosiyanasiyana zandale, zachikhalidwe ndi zosangalatsa. Mwachitsanzo, posachedwapa anayambitsa polojekiti "Love Story". Yekaterinburg nthawi zambiri imakhala masewera a masewera, ndipo zokopa zake zimakopa alendo, kuphatikizapo ochokera kunja.

Tsopano mukudziwa mbiri ya Yekaterinburg. Kwa ana kumeneko palinso malo ambiri okondweretsa, choncho pa nthawi yoyamba mumachezera mumzinda uno ndi banja lonse.