Zinsinsi za Kremlin pansi pa nthaka. Mbiri, maulendo, zithunzi ndi ndemanga

Makoma a Kremlin omwe amachititsa chidwi ndi malingaliro awo, komanso ndi zozizwitsa zambiri zomwe akhala akusunga, akhala olamulira otsiriza a mafumu a Rurik: Ivan III, mwana wake Vasily III, ndipo potsirizira pake, woyamba wa Russian Tsar Ivan The Terrible. Anamangidwanso ndi chuma chamfumu, ndi malo osungiramo ufa, ndi ndende zosauka, osati zocheperapo ndi zomwe zinalengedwa mu nyumba zapakati pa Ulaya.

Zinsinsi zobisika m'mabenje

Kwazaka mazana atatu zapitazo, mayesero akhala akubwerezedwa mobwerezabwereza kuti alowe zinsinsi za ndende zomwe ziri mu mtima wa likulu. Nthaŵi zina nthawi zina sikuti ankafuna chidwi chabe, koma ankafuna chidwi chokhachokha. Miyambo imati kuti ndende za Moscow Kremlin zimabisala m'chipinda chawo chobisika chifuwa chodzaza ndi golide chomwe chinali cha chuma kapena anali nkhokwe za olamulira ake.

Koma osati "zonyansa zitsulo" nthawi zonse zinkakopera ofufuza a labyrinths mobisa, pali zifukwa zokhulupirira kuti mbiri yakale kwambiri ndi yauzimu ya kale - laibulale ya Ivan the Terrible - yabisika kwa iwo kwa zaka zambiri. Bukuli linali ndi mipukutu yambiri yamtengo wapatali, yomwe inali imodzi mwa mafumu a Byzantium, ndipo m'zaka za zana la XI kupita ku Prince Wamkulu wa Kiev Yaroslav Wanzeru. Amakhulupirira kuti Ivan The Terrible, posatsala pang'ono kufa, adalamula kubisala chuma ichi m'madzi akuya.

Katswiri wa phokoso

Njira yoyamba yotsegula chophimba cha osadziwika inachitika mu 1718 ndi ponor wa Presnensky Church wa John Baptisti Konon Osipov. Kulimbikitsidwa kwa izi ndi nkhani ya dikoni wa dongosolo la Kazennyi la Vasily Makariev, yemwe, pokwaniritsa lamulo la Mfumukazi Sophia, choyamba adatsikira kumapanga a Kremlin pafupi ndi Tainitskaya Tower, ndipo adapeza malo akuluakulu odzaza ndi zifuwa zakuda. Dikoni mwiniyo anali atamwalira nthawi imeneyo.

Mu nsanja ya Taynitskaya Osipova anatha kupeza chitseko cha nyumbayi, chodzaza ndi dziko lapansi. Kupitako kunali kotheka, pokhapokha mutatha kuwerenga. Koma mwamsanga pamene iye ndi asirikali adamupatsa iye anawonjezereka mamita ochepa, monga abulu a abulu, akuwopsya kuti agwe pa nthawi iliyonse. Osati kuika moyo wake pachiswe kapena moyo wa asilikali, sexton sanakonde.

Kuyesera kobwerezabwereza

Anayenera kupitiliza ulendowu zaka zisanu ndi chimodzi kenako, koma osati mwa kufuna kwake, koma pa malamulo a Peter I. Tsar, monga momwe amadziwira, sankakonda kuseka, ndipo, kukana, sexton wosaukayo akhoza kutenga moyo popanda kupita kumanda a Kremlin. Panthawiyi, osati asilikali omwe adapatsidwa kuti amuthandize, koma olakwa omwe amangidwa: adzafa pansi pa ziphuphu, ndi zabwino. Komabe, sanayesere kuyesanso ku Taynitskaya Tower.

Nthawiyi, Osipov adayamba ndi nsanja ya ngodya ya Arsenal ndipo posakhalitsa anatha kupeza khomo la ndendeyo kumeneko. Koma kunali kosatheka kusunthira pamtunda chifukwa cha madzi a masika, kumene anasefukira. Ndinayenera kubwereranso popanda kanthu. Kuyesera kotsiriza kunapangidwa ndi sexton patapita zaka khumi. Anayesa kubwereza njira yomwe idakhazikitsidwa nthawi yayake ndi dikoni wovomerezeka Makariev, koma ngakhale pano ndende za Moscow Kremlin zinali zosatheka.

Kafukufuku wa Prince Shcherbakov

Pa zaka mazana makumi asanu ndi limodzi kudza makumi asanu ndi limodzi, kupita ku ndende sikunayambe. Mulimonsemo, palibe chidziwitso chokhudza iwo. Nkhani yomwe inanenedwa pamwambayi inapitilizidwa kokha kumapeto kwa zaka za zana la 19, pamene zinsinsi zobisika pansi pa makoma a Kremlin zinakhudzidwa ndi Prince Nikolai Shcherbakov, wasayansi yemwe panthawiyo anali wochita ntchito yapadera.

Kumunsi kwa Nsanja ya Nabatnoy, anapeza khomo lolowera ku nyumbayo yomwe imatsogolera ku nsanja yoyandikana nayo ya Konstantin-Elenin Tower. Atatha kusokoneza nyumbayo, kalongayo anadzipeza yekha m'mbali mwachinyumba pansi ndipo atasunthira, anapeza chipinda chomwe chinali kusungiramo zida zambirimbiri . Pambuyo pake, ku zida zobisika izi, kalonga adapeza ndime ina ikuchokera ku Nsanja yomweyo ya Alarm, koma mbali inayo.

Zomwe zapangidwa ndi kalonga

Kalonga anayesa kufufuza nsanja ya Corner Arsenal, yomwe sexton ya Osipov inalephera, koma monga momwe iye anabwerera popanda kuika moyo wake kuzipinda zowonongeka zomwe zatsala pang'ono kuwonongeka. Pambuyo pake, kale pansi pa nsanja ya Borovitskaya, adakwanitsa kutsegulira chapemphero, ndime yopita pansi yomwe imatsogolera ku Imperial Square ya Kremlin, komanso zipinda zingapo zomwe zinali ndi cholinga.

Mothandizidwa ndi njira zopanda ungwiro zojambulapo pa nthawi imeneyo, kalonga adagonjetsa ndende zonse zomwe anaphunzira pansi pa Kremlin. Zithunzi ndiye zidasungidwa mu zokopa zake mpaka kusintha.

Chosowa, cholamulidwa ndi moyo

Bolsheviks atayamba kulamulira, eni eni ake, poyamba, adaonetsetsa kuti adani omwe sangathe kugwiritsira ntchito pansi pa Kremlin pochita zigawenga. Kuti athetsere, zithunzi ndi mapulani omwe Prince Prince Shcherbakov adagonjetsedwa ndiwonekeratu kuwonongedwa, ndipo ndime zambiri za pansi pa nthaka ndi malo awo zinawonongeka.

Komabe, mu 1933, pafupi ndi Khoti la Zida, msilikali wa Red Army anagwa pansi pansi mosayembekezereka. Uwu unali umboni wakuti ndende yomwe ili pansi pa Kremlin imafuna kuphunzira mwatsatanetsatane, mwinamwake iyo ikhoza kubisala ngozi yogwa.

Mwa njira, vuto ili silinali loyamba. Kubwerera mu 1882, pamtunda pakati pa Tsar Cannon ndi khoma la amonke la Chudov, nthaka idagwa mwadzidzidzi, kuvumbulutsa chipinda chosadziwika cha pansi pa nthaka kufikira nthawi imeneyo. Mu September 1933, adasankha kuchita kafufuzidwe ndi zofunikira zothandizira. Anawatsogolera anaikidwa m'manja mwa wolemba mbiri yakale wotchuka Ignatius Stelletskiy.

Zotsatira zafukufuku

Mipingo ingapo yothandizira pansi pa nthaka inatsegulidwa ndikuphunziridwa, imodzi yomwe inali ndi kutuluka mwachindunji kwa Alexander Garden. Komabe, chidwi chachikulu kwa asayansi chinali khomo la ndende za nsanja ya ku Arsenal. Monga momwe zinakhalira pa ntchitoyi, mvula yamkuntho inatsekedwa muzitali ndi zakuya bwino, zokhala ndi mtsinje. Kumeneko kunali kutseka kwake komwe kunabweretsa kusefukira kwa chitsime ndi kusefukiranso kwa chipinda chonse.

Panthawiyo, ntchitoyi siidakwaniritsidwe, inangomalizidwa mu 1975. Atatulutsa madzi ndi kuchotsa njira yopita pansi pachitsime, asayansi anapeza helmets iwiri ya asilikali, zidutswa za ma mail ndi makina angapo a miyala. Zonsezi anapeza zaka za m'ma 1400.

Zowoneka mosavuta

Koma osati gawo lokha la asayansi omwe adaphunzira mapanga a Kremlin, anagwa zinthu zosiyanasiyana. Panali zopezeka mosayembekezera. Mwachitsanzo, mu 1930, pamene Red Square inafufuzidwa, antchito anapeza gawo la pansi pamtunda wa mamita asanu, m'munsi mwazimene mafupa angapo, ankhondo anatsegulidwa. Zosatha zidzakhalabe chinsinsi cha chifukwa chimene chinapangitsa anyamatawa kuthetsa miyoyo yawo mu mdima wa m'ndende.

Palinso vuto lomwe lopanda kanthu, lomwe linawonekera mu 1960 pa khoma la mausoleum, linapangitsa kuti aphunzire nthaka yomwe idakhazikitsidwa. Chotsatira chake, pa kuya kwa mamita khumi ndi asanu, gawo la pansi pano linapezedwa kwambiri kuti wamkulu akhoza kusuntha pamodzi ndi kukula kwathunthu.

Imfa, yobisika m'mabenje

Pafupifupi zaka zana zisanafike (mu 1840), pamene akumba maziko a maziko a Katolika ku Annunciation Monastery, wochimwa kwambiri akuyembekezera kuti omangawo adikire: khoma la padziko lapansi linagwa pansi mwadzidzidzi ndipo gawo la pansi lidzaza ndi mulu wa mafupa a anthu atseguka pamaso pawo. Za mtundu wanji wa masoka omwe amawononga miyoyo ya anthu awa, sitidzadziwa konse.

Koma pali ndende, malo opweteka omwe akhala malo a mbiriyakale. Zili zolembedwa kuti pansi pa ngodya Beklemishevskaya nsanja, yomwe imatsogolera ku Vasilievsky Kutuluka, munali ndende kumadzi akuya a dziko lapansi, kumene adaphedwa kwa zaka mazana ambiri kwa iwo amene adagonjetsedwa ndi mkwiyo wa kalonga. Pano, pa malamulo a Ivan III, chifukwa cha kuyankhula kwa anyamata, mnyamatayo IN anataya lilime lake. Bersenyu-Beklemishev ndipo pano pambuyo pa kuzunza kwale kwambiri Ivan the Terrible, amene amamunamizira kuti ndi woukira boma, anamwalira ali wachiwembu. Khovansky.

Nkhani ndi nthano za padziko lapansi

Mzinda wa Kremlin umakhala m'ndende, zithunzi zomwe zikufotokozedwa m'nkhani ino, zili ndi malo ambiri okhudzana ndi magazi ndi kuzunzidwa. Kodi n'zosadabwitsa kuti zimagwirizana ndi nthano zodabwitsa kwambiri zokhudza mbadwa za dziko lapansi, kuyendayenda m'mayendedwe apansi ndipo nthawi zina mboni zoopsa zowonongeka.

Nthawi zambiri iwo amatchula mzimu wa Ivan Woopsya, wotsutsidwa chifukwa cha ntchito zake zoipa za mpumulo wosatha ndi kuwonongeka kosatha. Ponena za msonkhano ndi iye, mbiri inasungidwa, yomwe inachitika mu May 1896 ndi Nicholas II mwiniwake, yemwe anali ku Moscow Kremlin panthawi ya chionetsero. Iye ndi mkazi wake Alexandra Fedorovna m'masiku amenewo anali odzazidwa ndi magazi a mfumu yankhanza, zomwe zinapangitsa anthu ambiri kuti awonetsetse kuti m'tsogolo muno mbadwo wazaka mazana atatu udzagwa.

Mzimu wa Pretender

Koma osati mzimu wokha wa mfumu yoopsya umene ukuphwanya mtendere wa Kremlin usiku. Pambuyo pa May 1606, ndi gulu la anthu okwiya lomwe linang'ambika zidutswa zachinyengo wonyenga yemwe adatchulidwa m'mbiri yakale dzina lake Abodza Dmitry I, mzimu wake unayamba kuonekera pakati pa nkhondo za maboma akale nthawi ndi nthawi. Ndizodabwitsa kuti nthawi yotsiriza maonekedwe ake adawonekera pa usiku wa August wa 1991, isanayambike zochitika zodziwika bwino.

Sentinel, akulira usiku

Zomwe zakhala zikuchitika komanso pansi pano za Kremlin zakhala zikugwirizana. Umboni wa izi ndi nkhani yomwe idatchuka kwambiri zaka makumi anayi zapitazo. Usiku wina mlonda wamng'ono, yemwe anali kugwira ntchito mu nyumba yakaleyo pafupi ndi Nyumba ya Mabishopu, anakweza, pamene m'masiku akale nyumba ya wolemekezeka ya People's Commissar ya Zachikhalidwe, N.I. Ezhova.

Atafika maminiti angapo, gululi adapeza mnzakeyo atakhala pamphepete mwa chipatala pafupi ndi pakhomo. Tsitsi lake linali lofiira, ndipo nkhope yake inasintha kwambiri moti sakanatha kuganiza zinthu zomwe zimadziwika bwino.

Amachokera ku dziko losiyana

Patangopita masiku owerengeka, m'chipinda cha chipatala cha asilikali, alonda anatha kupereka umboni woyamba. Pamene adadziwika kuchokera m'mawu ake, pakati pausiku iye anamva bwino kumveka kwa masitepe akutsika masitepe. Pambuyo pake, fungulo lalolo la chitseko chatsekedwa ndi losindikizidwa kunja. Popanda kukayikira kuti kuvomereza kovomerezeka kunkachitika pa chinthu chomwe anali kuyang'aniridwa ndi iye, mlondayo anagwiritsira ntchito batani, ndipo iye mwini, atatsegula holster yake pang'onopang'ono, anathamanga pambuyo pa wolakwirayo.

Atadumpha kupita mumsewu, adawona, pang'onopang'ono pang'onopang'ono, kamwana kakang'ono kachoka pansalu. Pa kulira kwake, osadziwika anaima ndi kutembenuka. Kuwala kwa mwezi kutsogolo kwa iye kunali magazi a People's Commissar wa NKVD, omwe ankadziwika ndi zithunzi zakale.

Kufanana kotereku kwa Yezhov, achinyamata ndi mitsempha yamphamvu ya wotumiza, mwina, akhoza kupirira. Koma pamene adakhala, akungoyamba pang'onopang'ono mlengalenga, akugwera pansi, mantha adamuchitikira. Patatha miyezi itatu iye anatumidwa.

Maulendo ku dziko la osadziwika

Zinsinsi za Kremlin ya Moscow, ndende zapakhomo ndi misewu yonse pafupi ndi izo zimakopera osati asayansi okha, komanso omwe amalemekeza mbiri yathu. Ndipo pali anthu ambiri otere m'dziko muno. Kuonjezera apo, pali mafanizi a masewera olimbitsa thupi komanso owonjezera adrenaline m'magazi. Maganizo awo ali ndi nkhani zokhudzana ndi zomwe zimabisika mu mphanga ya Kremlin, zokhudzana ndi mphamvu zina zadziko zomwe zimasunga chuma ichi. Iwo sachita mantha chifukwa cha kutopa kapena ndalama zomwe amawononga.

Kwa iwo masiku ano amapatsidwa mpata wokayendera ndende za Kremlin. Ulendowu ukhoza kusindikizidwa ku mabungwe onse oyendayenda omwe amadziwika bwino. Magulu okonzekera kale amatsogoleredwa ndi akatswiri a diggers ndi a speleologists - akatswiri omwe amaphunzira mobisa ndi mapanga.

Chisangalalo ndi mantha omwe amapezeka m'mabenje

Pa mawebusaiti a mabungwe omwe mungathe kuona zolemba za iwo omwe adayendera kale kundende za Moscow Kremlin. Kawirikawiri kafukufuku amakhala wokondwa kwambiri. Ngakhale kuti bungwe lirilonse limapanga maulendo awo m'njira zosiyanasiyana ndikusonyeza zinthu m'njira zosiyanasiyana, alendowa amakhala ndi chidwi chosaiŵalika, chomwe chimakhala nthawi yaitali kukumbukira.

Chinthu chokha chimene ambiri amamvetsera ndicho kutopa-kumayambitsa vuto la thupi lomwe limagwirizananso ndi kuyenda mumtambo wa labyrinths. Koma chisangalalo chomwe chinalandira polumikizana ndi dziko losamvetsetseka n'choyenera.