Duka wa Alba: biography

Fernando Alvarez de Toledo, Duka wa Alba, yemwe mbiri yake imanena zinthu zambiri zosangalatsa za moyo wake ndi ntchito yake, anabadwa mu 1507. Anali mkulu wodabwitsa wa Chisipanishi, komanso wolemba boma wotchuka. Chifukwa cha nkhanza zake, adatchedwa "Iron Duke".

Ubwana ndi unyamata wa duke wamtsogolo wamagazi

Fernando de Toleda anabadwa pa October 29, 1508 mu umodzi mwa mabanja akale kwambiri komanso olemekezeka kwambiri ku Spain. Bambo ake anamwalira pamene Alvarez de Toledo anali akadakali wamng'ono, choncho maphunziro ake okhwima anali kuyang'aniridwa ndi agogo aakulu. Anayesetsa kuti atuluke mwa mnyamatayo ndi Mkatolika wolimba, wokhulupirika kwa mtumiki wa tsar ndi msilikali wolangizidwa. Ali ndi zaka khumi ndi zisanu ndi chimodzi, Duke wa Alba kale akutumikira monga msilikali m'makalata a Mfumu Emperor Charles wachisanu ku France.

Kuchokera m'chaka cha 1531, Fernando adatsogolera ntchito yolimbana ndi a ku Turkey. Ndiponso, adalimbikitsidwa kukhala akuluakulu a zaka ziwiri pambuyo pake ndipo adadziwika yekha pa nthawi yozunzirako mzinda wa Tunis mu 1535. Atateteza Perpignan ku nkhondo ya ku France mu 1542, adasankhidwa ndi mlangizi wa nkhondo wa Charles Fifth pansi pa wotsatira wake Philippe.

Masiku otchuka kwambiri a nkhondo

Mkulu wa Alba analamula asilikali okwera pamahatchi, omwe anathandiza kwambiri kulamulira ku Mühlberg mu 1547. Ndipo patadutsa zaka zisanu Fernando Alvarez anatenga ulamuliro wa asilikali a ku Spain ku Italy. Komabe, Mfumuyi silingalepheretse kugonjetsedwa kwa mphamvu za mfumu, motero, izi zinapangitsa kuti abambo abwerere mu 1556.

Philip II, atakhala mfumu ya Spain, anasankha Fernando de Toled monga bwanamkubwa wa Milan, komanso mkulu wa asilikali a ku Italy. Kumeneko, Mkulu wa Alba anamenyana ndi gulu lankhondo lapapa la Paul the Fourth, yemwe anali msilikali wa ku France, mtsogoleri wa asilikali okwana zikwi khumi ndi ziwiri. Kupewa kuukira mwachindunji ku Roma, kotero kuti sipadzakhalanso kubwereza kwa 1527.

Chinyengo cha Papa, kapena Victory Fernando

Papa ankayerekezera kuti aitanitsa anthu otsutsawo, akuyembekeza kuti panthawi imeneyo asilikali a ku France adzagwira ntchito, koma a ku Spain adatsata nawo ndikugonjetsa nkhondo ya San Quentin. Ndipo popanda magulu omwe ankayembekezera, asilikali apapapa anagonjetsedwa. Fernando Alvarez anaumiriza Papa kuti avomere mtendere mu 1557, zomwe zinapatsa ulamuliro wa Spain ku Italy kwa zaka zoposa zana.

M'chaka chomwecho, panachitika chisokonezo pakati pa mafumu a Spain ndi France mumzinda wa Cato-Cambrese. Pamene mgwirizano umenewu unatha, chilumba cha Italy chinali mu mpumulo wa nthawi yaitali. Ndipo gawo lotsatirali lachidziwitso mu biography ya Fernando wotchuka ndi pulogalamu ya Duke wa Alba mu 1567 ndi ulamuliro wake wambiri ku Netherlands, zomwe zinatsimikizira kwambiri mbiri yakale pokhudza zochitika zachiwawa ndi zamagazi.

Zochita zamagazi za Duke wotchuka

Mu August 1566, Kuukira kwa Iconoclastic kuchitika ku Netherlands, komwe ambuye ndi mipingo yambiri inalandidwa kapena kuwonongedwa, komanso mafano achikatolika. Pofuna kuthetsa nkhani zapachiŵeniŵeni ndi zachipembedzo zimene zachitika, Mfumu Philippe II anatumiza Fernando kukhala mtsogoleri wa asilikali abwino kwambiri ku Netherlands. Kumeneko Mkulu wa Alba, yemwe mbiri yake imakhala mwatsatanetsatane pa nthawiyi, anasiya kukumbukira kwamagazi ambiri payekha.

Fernando adalowera ku Brussels pa August 22, 1567 ndipo adatenga udindo wa Kazembe-General. Ndipo m'masiku ochepa adayambitsa "Mwazi Wamagazi" kuti ateteze chisokonezo ndi kupanduka. Bungwe ili likugwira ntchito mwakhama kwambiri. Ngakhale anthu awiri olemekezeka kwambiri komanso otchuka m'dzikoli, akuluakulu, akuluakulu a Flemish, Egmont ndi Horn, adagwidwa ndi kuimbidwa mlandu. Pambuyo pake, iwo anaphedwa.

Ndondomeko yatsopano ya msonkho

Amuna oposa chikwi amitundu yonse anaphedwa, ndipo ambiri anathawira kunja kwa dziko chifukwa cha chitetezo. Onse amene anaweruzidwa anaphedwa pa June 5, 1568 ku Town Hall Square ku Brussels. Mkulu wa Alba, yemwe anali ndi chikhalidwe cholimba, sanali wotsimikizira za Flemish chilungamo. Anazindikira kuti ndikumvera chisoni anthu omwe akuwatsutsa. Choncho, Fernando Alvarez ankakonda kuphedwa ndi mboni zambiri.

Kukonzekera kwa asilikali ku Flanders kunaphatikizapo ndalama zambiri. Ndipo Duke wa Alba wamagazi anaganiza zowonjezera mtundu watsopano wa msonkho m'mayiko a Benelux, makamaka pa msonkho wa msonkho wa ku Spain pamlingo wa magawo 10 pazomwe kutengako katundu. Mitundu yambiri pa nthawiyo idapulumutsa njira yawo pa malipiro a ndalama, ndipo kudera nkhawa kwakukulu kunabuka pa ichi kuti kulemera kwa mayiko a Benelux kunali kusokonezedwa.

Kukana kubweza misonkho, kapena kupanduka kopanduka

Anthu ena akukana kubweza "zachikhumi", pamene adaitcha msonkho, ndipo phokoso linayamba, kufalikira mofulumira ku Netherlands. Kalonga wa Orange, wotchedwa William Quiet, analankhula ndi a French Huguenots kuti awathandize, ndipo anayamba kuthandiza opandukawo. Iye, pamodzi ndi asilikali ochokera ku France, anatenga malo ambiri.

Ndipo kuzunguliridwa kwa Haarlem kumakhala ndi zochita zachiwawa kumbali zonse ziwiri. Zinatha ndi kudzipereka kwa mzinda komanso imfa ya anthu pafupifupi zikwi ziwiri. Chifukwa cha nkhondo zanthaŵi yaitali zachitetezo ndi kuponderezedwa mwankhanza kwa anthu opandukawo, wochititsa chidwi ndi Duke wa Alba, Netherlands anaphatikiza dzina lakuti "Iron Duke" kumbuyo kwake.

Mbiri yake idagwiritsidwa ntchito kufalitsa pakati pa opandukawo ndi kupititsa patsogolo maganizo otsutsana ndi Chisipanishi. Fernando adakali wotchuka m'magulu a ku Spain, kumene iye, popanda kukayikira kwa mphindi imodzi, nthawi zonse angaganizire mozama maganizo a anthu.

Kubwerera ku Spain, kapena m'zaka zapitazi za moyo

Ngakhale kuti nkhondoyi ikuchitikabe, zochitika ku Netherlands sizigwirizana ndi Spain. Pambuyo pa mayankho ambiri omwe anakhalapo kwa zaka zisanu, pafupifupi zikwi zisanu kuphedwa ndi madandaulo nthawi zonse, Filipo Wachiŵiri anaganiza zothetsa vutoli mwa kulola Fernando de Toleda kubwerera ku Spain.

Mfumuyo inanyamuka kuchoka ku Holland, idakali chiwonongeko, pa December 18, 1573. Atabwerera ku Spain, Fernando adanyozedwa ndi mfumu. Komabe, zaka zisanu ndi ziŵiri pambuyo pake, Philippe Wachiwiri anagonjetsa Portugal kuti amugonjetse.

Fernando Alvarez anakwatira mu 1527 kwa msuweni wake Maria Enrique de Toledo. Kuchokera muukwati uwu adali ndi olandira anayi: Garcia, Fadric, Diego ndi Beatrice. Palinso nkhani zomwe mwana wake woyamba anali wachilendo, yemwe anabadwa kuchokera kwa mwana wamkazi wa miller.

Mkulu wa Alba, yemwe chithunzi chake sichidziwike kwa munthu wamba, koma wodziwika kwa wolemba mbiri wina yemwe amaphunzira za biographies za umunthu wotchuka, adafa ku Lisbon pa December 11, 1582. Zitsulo za Fernando zinasamutsidwa ku Alba de Tormes ndipo zinakaikidwa m'nyumba ya amonke ya San Leonardo.