Nkhondo Yoyamba ya Nkhondo Yadziko Yonse: zotsatira

Imodzi mwa magazi ndi yayikulu inali Nkhondo Yoyamba Padziko Lonse. Linachokera pa July 28, 1914 mpaka November 11, 1918. Nkhondo yoyamba ya nkhondo yoyamba yapadziko lonse inali chifukwa cha mayiko omwe salowerera ndale, kuti achite nawo nkhondo. Mayiko makumi atatu ndi asanu ndi atatu adagwirizana nawo nkhondoyi, kuchokera mbali ziwiri zomwe zikuyimira zofuna za mgwirizano waukulu: Entente ndi Quadruple Alliance. Chigawo choyamba chinali ndi France, Russia, England ndi ena. Mbali yachiwiri ya mkanganoyo inaimiridwa ndi Austria-Hungary, Turkey, Bulgaria, Germany.

Nthawi

Nkhondo yoyamba ya Nkhondo Yadziko Yonse inayamba chifukwa chodandaula: anapha Franz-Ferdinand, woloŵa ufumu ku Austria, pamodzi ndi mkazi wake. Ichi chinali chifukwa cha nkhondo pakati pa dziko lokhudzidwa ndi Serbia. Mbali ya Austria inavomerezedwa ndi Germany, kuyankhula kwa izo. Nkhondo yoyamba ya Nkhondo Yadziko Yonse idalembedwa pa July 28. Pogwiritsa ntchito zomwe zinachitikazo, pa August 1 Germany inagonjetsa Russia kunkhondo, ndipo patapita masiku awiri tinalengeza nkhondo ku France ndi gulu lake.

Kodi Nkhondo Yoyamba Padziko Lonse inayamba kuti?

Nkhondo yoyamba ya Nkhondo Yadziko Yonse mu 1914 inachitikira m'dera la France. Pambuyo pake idatchedwa "Kuthamanga ku Nyanja". Mbali iliyonse yotsutsana inkafunafuna kuzungulira gulu la adaniwo ndikupita kutsogolo kumbali ya gombe. Chifukwa cha zimenezi, France inatha kuyang'anira mizinda yake ya pa doko. Pofuna kulanda msangamsanga dziko la France, lamulo la Germany linasankhidwa molakwika. Nkhondo ya Nkhondo Yadziko Yonse ku Western Front inathamanga mwamsanga, popeza magulu onse awiri anali atatopa kwambiri.

Russia yonyansa kwambiri

Pa August 17, ntchito yaikulu ya usilikali inasamutsidwa ku Eastern Front. Asilikali a ku Russia adayambitsa chiopsezo ku East Prussia. Nkhondo za First World kutsogolo izi zinapambana. Ntchito yaikulu pano idasewera ndi chigonjetso mu nkhondo ya Galicia, yomwe idatha pa August 18. Anthuwa adatenga nkhaniyi ndi chidwi chodabwitsa. Pambuyo pa kugonjetsedwa kwa Austria mpaka kumapeto kwa chaka cha 1914 anayesa kuti asachite nawo nkhondo yaikulu ndi Russia.

Allies atsopano ndi otsutsa

M'chaka chomwecho, dziko la Japan linalowa nkhondo ku Germany. Anayamba kugwira ntchito m'madera ozungulira chilumba cha Germany. Panali nkhondo zomwe zinkachitika panyanja. Nkhondo Yoyamba Yadziko lonse inatha mu 1914 ndi kuyesa kupambana kwa mbali zonse ziwiri za mkangano kuti zikwaniritse zolinga zawo. Mayendedwe a Russia kukhazikitsa chiyanjano cha nyanja ndi mayiko ogwirizana adalephera. Ufumu wa Ottoman, womwe unatuluka kumbali ya Germany, unatsegula kutsogolo kwa Caucasus kuchokera ku Black Sea, potero unaphwanya mgwirizano wa madzi ku Russia.

Nkhondo zazikulu za Nkhondo Yoyamba Yadziko lonse zinayambika mu 1915. Kuyambira nthawi imeneyo msonkhano wachiwiri unayamba. Nkhondo yachiwawa inachitikira ku Western Front. Atafunafuna, Germany ndi France anayesetsa kuti asinthe zinthu zomwezo. Komabe, zonsezi sizinapangitse zotsatira zoyenera.

Ndipotu, kutsogolo sikusinthe kumapeto kwa 1915. Sizinthu zowonongeka za French ku Artois, kapena ntchito zomwe zinachitika ku Champagne m'dzinja, sizinakhudze mkhalidwewo.

Malo odalirika a Russia

Pa mzere wa dziko la Russia, vutoli linasintha ndipo silinasinthe. Kuyesera kosayesa kopambana kovuta kunalephera. Choyamba, izi zinali chifukwa cha kukonzekera kwa asilikali a Russian. Komanso, Ajeremani anasintha mpaka kumapeto kwa nyengo yachilimwe. Chifukwa cha zimenezi, adatha kubwerera kuchokera ku Russia Galicia ndi Poland. Pali lingaliro lakuti kugonjetsedwa kwa gulu lankhondo la Russia mu nkhondo izi kunayambitsidwa ndi mavuto opatsirana.

Zinthuzo zinakhazikika kokha m'dzinja. Komabe, malo a asilikali a ku Russia ndi a France anali chofunikira kuti chiyambi cha nkhondo yapachiyambi.

Mu 1915, kulengeza nkhondo ku Austria-Hungary, Italy imayambitsa nkhondo. Panthawi yomweyi, Entente inauza nkhondo ku Bulgaria. Zonsezi zimabweretsa zovuta pazochitika ku Serbia.

Vuto la Verdun

1916 anadziwika ndi nthawi imene nkhondo yaikulu inayamba nkhondo yoyamba yapadziko lonse. Zithunzi za nkhondo zimenezi zimasungidwa m'nyuzipepala zina zazikulu. Nkhondo ya Verdun yanena anthu oposa chikwi. Zinayambira ndi chikhumbo cha Germany kuti chotsutsa France. Pafupi ndi Verdunsky, magulu aakulu a Germany analipo. Izi zinachitika kuti athetse chitetezo cha France ndi England. Panthawiyi nkhondo yoyamba imagwiritsa ntchito flamethrower - chida chatsopano cha nthawi imeneyo. Panthaŵi imene dziko la Germany linkaukira dziko la France, lamulo la Russia linayambitsa ntchito yoipa, yomwe inachitikira ku Western Front. Asilikali achijeremani sanasankhe koma kusamukira magulu akuluakulu kupita ku malo a Russia. Izi zinathandiza kwambiri ku France ndi England nkhondo. Panthawi imeneyi, kukangana pakati pa mphamvu zazikulu kunkachitika ponseponse pa nthaka ndi panyanja. Nkhondo ya Jutland inali kukangana kwakukulu pa madzi.

1917 ndi 1918 anadziwika ndi kupambana kwa Entente. Komabe, panthawiyi mayiko onse-omwe adagwirizana nawo pamtenderewo adayamba kufooka kwambiri pa chuma, komanso kuwonjezeka kwa kuthamanga kwa mkati. Pachifukwa ichi, ntchito za usilikali za mayiko zatsika. Komabe, asilikali a ku Germany saleka kuyesa kugonjetsa England poyendetsa sitima zapamadzi. Zinakhala zoonekeratu kuti Entente inali panjira yopambana, kotero United States of America inalumikizana nayo. Pa nthawi yomweyo, dziko la Russia likukumana ndi mavuto a ndale. Mfundo ya kutentha inali zochitika za Oktoba, pambuyo pake zituluka mu nkhondo. Izi zinapatsa Germany chifukwa chotsitsira Eastern Front ndikupanga mgwirizano wamtendere ndi mayiko monga Ukraine, Russia ndi Romania. Mgwirizano wa mtendere wa Brest unatsimikizira kukwaniritsidwa kwa mikhalidwe yovuta ku Russia, komabe, inasainidwa ndi mbali zonse ziwiri. Patapita nthawi, mgwirizano unathetsedwa.

Kutengedwa kwa wogonjetsa

Germany idapitirizabe kukhumudwitsa. Posakhalitsa anakwanitsa kukhala ndi mayiko monga Poland, Belarus. Baltic inalandiridwanso. Pambuyo pa mpikisano wambiri, Germany anaganiza zobweza asilikali ake ku Western Front. Komabe, ogwirizanitsa nawo mu Entente bloc anali odziwika bwino apamwamba zamakono, momwe asilikali a Germany anagonjetsedwa. Pofika kumapeto kwa 1918 Germany inasaina kudzipatulira mosalekeza.

Kumapeto kwa nkhondo, chuma cha mayiko okhudzidwawo chinali pavuto lalikulu. Kuyenda kwa ntchito ya chuma cha dziko kwachepa, ndipo miyoyo ya anthu yatsika. Okhawo amene nkhondo idagwira m'manja anali mabungwe apamanja komanso osungulumwa.

Kwa Russia, nkhondoyo ndiyo yomwe inakhudza kwambiri kusintha kwachitukuko, komanso kuphulika kwa nkhondo yapachiweniweni.