East Prussia: mbiri ndi modernity. Map, malire, nyumba ndi midzi, chikhalidwe cha East Prussia

Back mu mochedwa Ages Middle dziko, yomwe ili pakati pa mitsinje Neman ndi Vistula, nalo dzina lake East Prussia. Kwa linakhalapo, mphamvu kudutsa nthawi zosiyanasiyana. Izi nthawi ya Order, ndi duchy Prussian, ndi ufumu, ndi chigawo komanso dziko positi-nkhondo, mpaka renaming cha kusokonekera pakati Poland ndi la Soviet Union.

Mbiri ya yatsoka katundu

Popeza kutchula koyamba za m'mayiko Prussian wakhala zaka zoposa khumi. Poyamba, anthu okhala pa madera awa, ogaŵikana mabanja (mafuko) amene tinasiyana malire ochiritsira.

The expanses lalikulu la zigawo Prussian ataphimbidwa ndi alipo pakali pano dera Kaliningrad, gawo la Poland ndi Lithuania. Izi zinaphatikizapo samba ndi Skalov, Warmia ndi pogesanians, pomesanians ndi Kulmskaya natangians dziko ndi Bart, Galindo ndi Sassen, Skalov ndi nadruvians, Mazovia ndi zombo.

akupeza zambiri

M'mayiko Prussian lonse linakhalapo, zonse pansi zoyesayesa za kugonjetsa pa gawo la anansi amphamvu ndi mwamakani. Choncho, m'zaka khumi pa olemera ndi kuitana malo otseguka anabwera Teutonic Knights - Akhristu. Iwo anamanga nyumba zambiri komanso chateaux Mwachitsanzo Kulm, Reden, Thorne.

Komabe, mu 1410 pambuyo wotchuka Nkhondo ya Grunwald Prussia anakhala kusintha yosalala m'manja mwa Poland ndi Lithuania.

Zisanu ndi nkhondo ya zaka m'zaka za m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chitatu kuchichepetsa mphamvu ya asilikali Prussian ndi kutsogozedwa chakuti ena a m'mayiko a kum'mawa anagonjetsa Russian Ufumu.

Pankhondo m'zaka makumi awiri komanso wathunso mayiko amenewa. Kuyambira mu 1914, East Prussia anali nawo First World nkhondo, ndipo mu 1944 - Wachiwiri World nkhondo.

Ndipo pambuyo chigonjetso a asilikali Soviet mu 1945, ambirife unatha ndipo akusinthika mu dera Kaliningrad.

Kukhalapo pakati pa nkhondo

Pa First World nkhondo, anataya lalikulu la East Prussia. Map of 1939 kale kusintha, ndipo zosinthika m'chigawochi mu chikhalidwe chowopsa. Ndipotu, ndi malo okha mu Germany, amene odzipereka nkhondo kumenyana.

Kusaina Pangano la Versailles analangidwa koopsa chifukwa East Prussia. opambana omwe anaganiza kuti ndichepe m'gawo lake. Choncho, kuchokera 1920 mpaka 1923 mumzinda wa Memel ndi malo Memel anakhala League of Nations kusamalira mothandizidwa ndi asilikali a ku France. Koma pambuyo January Zipolowe mu 1923 zinthu zasintha. Ndipo mu 1924, mayiko amenewa ngati dera yoyenda yokha anakhala gawo la Lithuania.

Komanso East Prussia, ndipo anataya wina m'gawo Zoldan (Dzialdowo mzinda).

Okwana wakhala sakukhudzidwa za 315 zikwi mahekitala wa dziko. Ndipo izi silinalandire gawo laling'ono. Chifukwa cha kusintha ilipobe m'chigawochi mu anaima mutu ndi limodzi mwa mavuto wautali kwambiri chuma.

Kupeza ndalama ndi ndale mu 20s ndipo 30s.

Mu makumi oyambirira, pambuyo normalization ubale zamtendere pakati Soviet Union ndi Germany, muyezo wa moyo ku East Prussia pang'onopang'ono anayamba kusintha. ndege Moscow-Königsberg linatsegulidwa, n'kuyambiranso kum'mawa German chilungamo, anayamba ntchito Kenigsbergsskaya wailesi m'tawuni.

Komabe, mavuto azachuma padziko lonse wathunso mayiko amenewa wakale. Ndipo kwa zaka zisanu (1929-1933 gg.) Koma Königsberg zinali zinatha mazana asanu khumi makampani osiyanasiyana, ndipo mlingo ulova anauka kwa anthu zikwi zana. Zikatero, ntchito poopsa ndi chosadziwika udindo wa boma pano, ndi Nazi Party anayamba kulamulira mu manja awo.

redivision za gawolo

The maps of East Prussia mpaka 1945 amapanga kwambiri kuchuluka kwa kusintha. The chomwecho chinachitika mu 1939, pambuyo ntchito ya Poland ndi asilikali a Nazi Germany. Chifukwa, ndi magawidwe atsopano a m'mayiko Polish ndi Klaipeda (Memel) dera la Lithuania inakhazikitsidwa kuchigawo chimenechi. Mudzi wa Elbing, Marienburg ndi Marienwerder mbali ya chigawo chatsopano cha West Prussia.

Nazi kuti anapezerapo mapulani wofuna kwa redivision a ku Ulaya. Ndi mapu a kum'mawa Prussia, maganizo awo, anali likulu la dera zachuma pakati pa Baltic ndi nyanja Black phunziro kwa inalowa mwa madera a Soviet Union. Komabe, madongosolo awa sakanakhoza kubwera woona.

Pambuyo nkhondo nthawi

Monga kubera asilikali Soviet East Prussia komanso yosintha. Kukhazikitsa ofesi asilikali commandant, amene mwa April 1945, kunali kale sate-sikisi. zolinga zawo anali kuuza anthu German, kufufuza ndi kusintha pang'onopang'ono kwa munthu wamba.

Masiku amenewo, ku dera lonse la East Prussia kubisala zikwi alonda German ndi asilikali anachita magulu nawo zonyoza zimayenda ndi woukira. Only mu April 1945, ofesi commandant asilikali a analanda zoposa zikwi zitatu achifasizimu zida.

Komabe, m'dera la Königsberg ndi madera ozungulira ndi kunyumba kwa nzika yosavuta German. Panali anthu pafupifupi 140 zikwi.

Mu 1946 mumzinda wa Königsberg anadzatchedwa Kaliningrad, chifukwa mu kupangidwa ndi dera Kaliningrad. Ndipo m'tsogolo zasintha mayina ndi midzi ina. Mogwirizana ndi kusintha awa redone ndi mapu linalipo 1945 East Prussia.

East Prussian zikugwera lero

Masiku awa, dera limene linali wa dera Kaliningrad ndi Prussians. East Prussia unatha mu 1945. Ndipo ngakhale dera ndi gawo la Chitaganya cha Russia, iwo mwachirengedwe kulekanitsidwa. Kuwonjezera la ntchitoyi - Kaliningrad (mpaka 1946 anatenga dzina la Königsberg), m'mizinda bwino anayamba monga Bagrationovsk, Baltic, Gvardeisk, Amber, Sovetsk, Chernyakhovsk, Krasnoznamensk, Neman, Ozersk, Primorsk, Svetlogorsk. m'dera tichipeza zigawo zisanu ndi ziwiri m'tauni, mizinda iwiri ndi zigawo khumi ndi ziwiri. anthu Main okhala m'dera lino - ndi Russian, Belarusians, Ukrainians, Lithuanians, ku Armenia ndi ku Germany.

Pakali pano, dera Kaliningrad tithe woyamba kupanga Amber, kupulumutsa pa chifuwa chake peresenti ena makumi asanu ndi anayi a nkhokwe yake padziko lonse.

Zokopa ano East Prussia

Ndipo ngakhale lero mapu a kum'mawa Prussia anasintha kupitirira kutchuka, ndi dziko ili midzi ndi m'midzi ndipo tsopano kukumbukira zakale. Mzimu wa dziko anasowa kwambiri ndi ankaonabe mu Kaliningrad dera lerolino mizinda imene mayina a Tapiau ndi Taplaken, Tilsit ndi Insterburg, Ragnit ndi Waldau.

alendo ndi maulendo otchuka imachitika pa sitadi munda "Georgenburg". Izo zinakhala m'zaka za m'ma khumi ndi chitatu. Georgenburg linga anali malo kwa Ankhondo German ndi Akhristu chifukwa waukulu kuswana kavalo.

Kufikira tsopano, mpingo bwino anapulumutsidwa, chinamangidwa m'zaka za m'ma chinayi (m'mizinda kale Hayligenvalde ndi Arnau), komanso mpingo kwa zaka za m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chimodzi pa dera la mzinda wakale Tapiau. nyumba izi otchuka mowirikiza anakumbutsa anthu a nthawi zakale za Teutonic Order pachuma.

Nyumbayi Knight a

dziko la nthawi yakale kwambiri nkhokwe wolemera Amber anakopeka ankhondowo German. M'zaka za m'ma chakhumi ndi chitatu akalonga Polish, pamodzi ndi Teutonic Knights pang'onopang'ono anagwira katundu ndi kumangidwanso iwo nyumba zambiri. Zotsalira za ena mwa iwo, manda a kamangidwe, ndipo masiku ano chidwi pa anthu a m'nthawi yake. Chiwerengero chachikulu cha nyumba akale omwe adamangidwa mu zaka khumi ndi cisanu. malo nyumba zawo anagwidwa Prussian Valenod-zadothi linga. Pamene akumanga nyumba kwenikweni anali mwambo kalembedwe lamba wa pamimba Gothic zomangamanga wa malemu Middle Ages. Komanso, nyumba zonse kutsatira dongosolo limodzi ntchito yomanga awo. Today akale Nyumbayi Insterburg anatsegula yachilendo pabwalo owonetsera zakale.

Pakati pa anthu ndi alendo a m'dera Kaliningrad ndi otchuka kwambiri tithe m'mudzimo. Ndi wapadera dera owonetsera zakale ndi wakale kosungira Waldau Castle. Pambuyo kuyendera, tingakhale motsimikiza kuti maso ake kusesa m'mbiri ya East Prussia, kuyambira nthawi ya Prussians wakale ndi kutha nthawi ya osamuka Soviet.