Mzinda Cave la Calais: photos, ndemanga, malo

Cave mzinda wa Calais wakhala chidwi alendo. Kodi ndi chidwi? Kumene? ndi nthano kugwirizana ndi chiyani icho? Pa izi ndi zina zambiri ife pofotokoza m'nkhani ino.

Kumene?

Ali Calais? mzinda Cave ili pa chigawo Crimea Peninsula Bakhchisaray. Tauni yapafupi (Bakhchisarai) za 2.5-3 makilomita. The mudzi walinga lili pa mkulu otsetsereka kwambiri a mapiri Plateau kunathandiza zoweta Crimea Mountains, umene wazunguliridwa ndi zigwa atatu kwambiri.

Calais - mzinda phanga, amene adiresi sapezeka pa mapu. Location mu maphunziro zoyerekeza: Bakhchisaray m'chigawo, Crimea Peninsula.

Pofuna kupatuka pa njira, kupita mu mphanga mzinda wa Calais, pafupi ndi ndondomeko ya panyanja GPS: N 44 ° 44'27 "E 33 ° 55'28".

Kodi kumeneko?

Imodzi mwa mafunso amene akufuna amakacheza mzinda wa Calais - momwe kumeneko? Pali yachiwiriyo: kudziletsa galimoto ndi mabasi ndi magalimoto ku siteji komaliza "Staroselie" (Bakhchisarai) kupitiriza kutsatira mapazi a zizindikiro ndi linga, kapena Calais monga gawo la Ulendo (njirayi amasankha alendo ambiri, holidaymakers mu pogwiritsa wa chakumwera kwa Crimea Peninsula).

Mungasankhe mayina m'mapanga

mzinda Cave m'mbiri yake yaitali mobwerezabwereza anasintha dzina lake.

Malinga ndi Baibulo lina, dzina loyamba la mzindawo unali Fulla. Pamudzi ndi dzina amenewa mobwerezabwereza otchulidwa m'mbiri ya 1-2 zaka AD, koma ofufuza sanathe kudziwa ndendende kumene iye anali.

Kuyambira m'zaka 13 kuti magwero, mzinda umenewu unali kale amatchedwa Kirk Kapena (wina Baibulo wamba Kirk-EF), limene kwenikweni anamasuliridwa kuti "malinga makumi anai." Komanso nthawi ya ulamuliro wa Crimea Khan mungapeze dzina la Gevher-Kermen (yomasulira - "Chuma Linga"), dzina singalifotokoze chakuti Chitata ulema ngale wokometsedwera m'zipata zonse, malinga ndi zipata za m'linga.

Pakati pa 17 m'ma citadel izo unasamutsidwira Karaites ndipo anatenga dzina latsopano - Calais. Kumasulira kwa Crimea Karaite chilankhulo chinenero "Kale" ( "Kala") amatanthawuza "njerwa khoma, mpanda, mpanda wolimba."

Pambuyo analanda dziko la Crimea ku tauni Russian Ufumu Calais lidzasinthidwa phanga mzinda wa Calais, amene anawamasulira kuchokera ku chinenero Crimea Chitata amatanthauza "Ayuda" kapena "Ayuda" linga (çufut - Myuda, Myuda, qale - nsanja). Dzina limeneli ndi mipanda anapereka amalonda amene waima pano zosiyanasiyana za zosoŵa, pang'onopang'ono dzina la Calais akukhala nduna, amagwiritsidwanso ntchito sayansi asayansi Soviet ndi mabuku Karaite olemba kuchokera m'ma 19 mpaka 1991.

Kuyambira mu 1991, atsogoleri a Crimea Karaites anadzatchedwa phanga linga mzinda wa Calais mu Dzhuft-Calais (yomasulira - awiriawiri kapena mphamvu awiri), koma kuti renaming anali wa chikhalidwe mwamwayi.

Pamodzi ndi mayina ndi Chufut- Dzhuft-Calais, mu Karaite mabuku pali mayina ena a mizinda phanga mpaka m'ma 19 kuti ankatchedwa "Village Yuhudim", ndipo - "Village ha Kara".

Mbiri ya maziko

Pali Mabaibulo angapo za maziko a kuphanga mzinda. Pa mmodzi wa iwo, ndi kuthetsa woyamba unakhazikitsidwa pano Sarmatians ndi Alans mu 4 m'ma AD. Malinga ndi buku lachiwiri, limene amamuchititsa asayansi ambiri, mu zaka 550 (mu ulamuliro wa Byzantine Mfumu Justinian) pofuna kuteteza ikuyandikira kuti Chersonesos atatu phanga linga mzinda anakhazikitsidwa: Calais, Calais ndi Mangul Eski-Kermen. Komabe, deta pa midzi awa sanali m'gulu la lonena "Pa nyumba 'deta pa iwo akhala kupezeka chifukwa cha zofukulidwa zinthu zakale zimene zinapezedwa.

ovuta angaloŵe ndi lalitali ovuta popangidwa ndi chikhalidwe, anapangidwa mwamuna ndi makoma aatali malinga. Citadel wakhala pogona otetezedwa ndi mpanda kwambiri.

The m'nyengo ya Crimea Khanate

Mu theka lachiwiri la m'ma 11 linga utayamba kukhala wamphamvu pa Kipchak (imadziwika ndi Cumans), renaming mu Kirk-EP.

Mu 1299 Mtsogoleri wina wa Aarabu Nogai asilikali anatenga mkuntho kulimbitsa patapita nthawi yaitali ndi owawa asilikali, anagonjetsa ndipo adawapitikitsa Sarmatian-lancers okhala citadel. Ndaligonjetsa phanga mzinda wa Chitata, dzina lake Kirk Kapena.

Mu zaka 13-14 (nthawi ya ulamuliro wa Khan Jani Muzipemphera) Apa ndi chimodzi mwa midzi ya asilikali a Crimea ulus, ndi breakaway ku Golden gulu.

Udakali mofulumira kukula kwa phanga mzinda wa Calais anali m'zaka 15. Chifukwa ngati mofulumira chitukuko cha citadel anali kuti Kirk Kapena unakhala likulu loyambirira la Crimea Khanate. Khan Haji Giray anakonza nyumba yake apa pambuyo kugonjetsa wolamulira wa Kirk-Orsk Khanate Eminek Bey. Haji Giray anakhala tate wa mafumu onse a olamulira Crimea. Mu ulamuliro wake wa mpanda wolimba inamangidwa ndi nyumba ya Khan, iwo anayambitsa madrasas, kukodzedwa anamangidwira pansi Jani Muzipemphera Mosque. Pali kopanda kuti mu zaka zoyambirira za ulamuliro wa Khan Haji Giray inamangidwa ndi timbewu tonunkhira, amene amasindikizidwa ndalama zasiliva mawu akuti "Kirk Kapena" (zotsalira za nyumba anazipeza ofukula nsanja).

Mbiri ya linga pambuyo walekana ndi udindo wa likulu

Pakati pa zaka za m'ma 17 Khan Giray Mengli analamula yomanga nyumba yatsopano mu m'madambo mchere ndi inasamuka ndi Khan a. The linga chinaperekedwa kwa Karaites ndi anadzatchedwa Calais ndipo kenako nalo dzina lake lomaliza - Calais. Karaites awonjezera m'dera Calais pafupifupi 2 nyengo adjoined kum'mawa kwa chitetezo, lomwe linakhazikitsidwa kwa malonda kotala.

Ancient khoma lopangidwa ndi miyala ikuluikulu midadada ya amakona anayi mawonekedwe ndi angongole ndi simenti, tsopano anali sing'anga kulekanitsa yachonde a kum'mawa ndi kumadzulo mbali, omwe anayimitsa chitetezo palokha. Choncho panali dzina lina la linga - Dzhuft-Calais (nthunzi chipinda kapena mphamvu awiri). Pamaso pa makoma a citadel ndi anakumba dzenje lonse, yosalephera kwa omenyerapo zamphongo, atatha Iye anawoloka ndi footbridges.

Mbiri kwa nthawi kuloŵa Russian Ufumu

Mu ulamuliro wa Peter Ine ndi mphwanga Anna Ivanovna asilikali Russia anagwira ndipo zidawawononga Bakhchisaray Calais. Pambuyo analanda dziko la Crimea ku Russian ufumu ndi lamulo la Mfumukazi zoletsa anali atakwezeka kwa Krymchaks malawi ndi Karaites, ambiri anasiya makoma a citadel, pali anakhalabe moyo mbali yaing'ono chabe ya Chiameniya ammudzi ndi Karaites, amene sanafune kusiya njira maziko a moyo.

Pofika kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 19, anthu onse anasiya Calais kukhala panali chabe wosamalira banja. Wokhala lotsiriza la citadel, ndi wotchuka Karaite zamaphunziro komanso mlembi wa ambiri ntchito sayansi A. Firkovich, anasiya mpanda wake mu 1874.

Kusindikiza kufunika achitetezo

Patsogolo Calais - kumbuyo. Kuwonjezera pa makoma aatali mipanda yolimba kwambiri ndi chemba lonse, panali ntchito ochepa zochita zambiri tactically zofunika. Njira yopita ku linga la akudutsa Mfundo Akatolika, mmene pali kasupe wa madzi akumwa, mtengo Mariyam Dere zina kukacha steeply - mwa manda - kum'mwera (zing'onozing'ono) cholinga. Zipata zimenezi zinamangidwa ngati msampha: iwo sangathe kuona bola ngati mulankhula mosamala kwambiri. Ambiri mwina, pamaso panali chipata, T. Kwa. Pa makoma za chipata anali thundu tsamba.

The njira kuphanga mzinda wa Calais anali pa otsetsereka phompho la chigwa kuti adani anakakamizika kukwera citadel ya anayamba ufulu wake, osatetezeka kwambiri ku mlili, mmbali (zishango nazo dzanja lake lamanzere, ndipo zida - kumanja). Pa chitunda pansi kuukira adani mivi, amene amapatsa iwo kuchokera munakhazikitsa mwapadera mu mpanda wa zokometsera linga. Omenyerapo nkhosa kugogoda chipata anali pafupi zosatheka: patsogolo pawo anali otsetsereka phompho, ndi njira pangotsala ndi kutsogolo kwa wicket anapanga kukhota lakuthwa. Koma ngakhale mdani ndi kudutsa chipata, akumuyembekezera pali msampha wina: itachita asilikali Citadel anali kuyenda ndi kulowera yopapatiza, makamaka lalembedwa mu thanthwe. Ndi yazokonza pansi matabwa, anakonza pamwamba pa pakhoma zija, pa mitu ya wolakika mvula miyala, anathira madzi otentha, ndi oponya mivi obisalamo m'mapanga, kuwombera popanda kuphonya.

Kum'mawa kwa mzinda kumbuyo khoma lalitali ndi chemba kutsogolo kwa izo, ndi kum'mwera, kumpoto ndi kumadzulo makoma simuli kusowa chitetezo, mwachitsanzo. A. Plateau ndi maphwando amenewa waponya molunjika pansi, kuti adzafike kuno likhoza anakumana okwera.

zomangamanga Calais

Calais - phanga mzinda, ndi chithunzi chimene, mwatsoka, Sizingathe kusonyeza mphamvu zake zakale. Masiku ano anapulumuka ochepa m'mapanga ndi nyumba Karaites, ambiri a nyumba ali pabwinja.

Kum'mwera cha zovuta bwino anapulumutsidwa mwa mapanga wamkulu, cholinga chachikulu cha zimene - ndi kumbuyo kapena nkhondo. ambiri a mapanga zafa mu gawo lakale la mzinda, koma anasunga awiri munda. Lalikulu zopangidwa nyumba amene cholukanalukana mu thanthwe miyala yosema masitepe. Mwina, m'mapanga amenewa ankachitiramo m'ndende akaidi, omwe angaike kuno zaka (kopanda zachokera zotsalira za zitsulo pansi pa mphanga ndi mazenera Sheremetiev zolemba, amene anatha pafupifupi 6 m'ndende Calais). Pamwamba m'mapanga amenewa cha m'ma 17 linamangidwa nyumba zogona.

Suli kutali ndi phanga osungidwa chitsanzo chabwino cha zomangamanga kwa zaka za m'ma 15 - ndi mausoleum Janicke Khanum, dzina lake nthano zambiri. Pa mmodzi wa iwo, Janicke ankakhala m'chinyumba pafupi m'chipindacho asilikali 1000, molamulidwa ndi asilikali alimba mtima atetezera Calais, koma Hanim anafa pamene azingidwa. bambo ake Tokhtamysh Khan analamula kuti amange pa malo a imfa yake octagonal mausoleum, chokongoletsedwa ndi zipata mkulu ndi mizati chosema. Mu kuya kwa mausoleum akadali tombstone manda a mfumukazi wotchuka.

Bwino anapulumutsidwa ndi Karaite kenassas ili pafupi mausoleum lapansi. Izi nyumba amakona anayi, wazunguliridwa ndi masitepe momasuka ndi mizati ndi arches ankagwiritsa ntchito misonkhano ambiri unachitika pano utumiki ndi kupeleka m'mabwalo akulu auzimu. M'zaka za m'ma mochedwa 19 mu nyumba yaing'ono kenassas anali laibulale kwambiri mipukutu yakale, zinapezedwa asayansi A. S. Firkovichem.

Pa yopapatiza waukulu msewu anasunga ruts kwa magudumu, kuya awo m'madera ena ukufika mamita 0.5, iwo umboni kwa zaka zambirimbiri ndi mphamvu ya moyo zimachitikanso kamodzi pano.

Ndi chidwi kunyumba ikulendewera pa phompho otsiriza nzika ya Calais (A. S. Firkovicha). Mukhoza kuyendayenda mwa nyumba kumbuyo mu kum'mawa kwa mpanda wolimba kwambiri.

mzinda Cave la Calais: Ndemanga

Alendo amene anapita kumzinda linga, I kwambiri amalangiza kupita muno ndi Chiongoko ndi odziwa adzatiuza nkhani ya malo yapadera chikaonekera chake ulemerero phanga mzinda Calais. Pa okwera zoposa 550 meters misewu mwangwiro anasunga la Kale, kuyang'ana pa iyo, ndipo sakhulupirira kuti anthu anakhala pano. Nthawi zambiri, kuyang'ana pa m'mapanga amenewa, anthu ambiri sakhulupirira kuti anali bwinja: izo zonse "Amoyo" nyumba pamwamba pansi, ndi m'mapanga anali ganyu, kapena zolinga banja.

Kuona yotsatira?

Kupita ku Calais - phanga mzinda, zithunzi za amene adzakhala kwa zaka zambiri kuwakumbutsa ulendo lodabwitsali - pamene ndimabwerera ndi wokwanira ulendo Woyera Dormition ansembe yotchedwa, anayambitsa m'zaka za 8. Mukhoza angagwirizanitse kwa mafano a Dormition wa Woyera Virgin, dongosolo la utumiki, kupemphera kapena kupeleka cholemba. Pa obisika pali gwero ndi madzi zokoma kumwa.

Komanso onetsetsani kuti akaone nyumba Khan ndi wokongola Bakhchisarai, anakhazikitsidwa mu zaka zana la 16. Izi m'nyumba yokongola ndi lofanana ndi zokongola za kukongola kum'mawa nthano. M'bwalo mutha kuona mmene Khan moyo, kukaona luso owonetsera zakale ndi chionetsero cha zida, kujambulidwa ndi zitayimbidwa ndi Pushkin magwero a misozi.

Calais - mmodzi mwa anthu ochepa chopulumuka Mozambik mu Crimea ndi ambiri anapita pakati pawo. M'mapanga ndi makoma a linga la, kenassas, ndi mausoleum ndi m'misewu yaing'ono ya mzinda kupuma mbiri ndi Kale, kukakamiza ndikuganiza za tanthauzo ndi waufupi wa moyo.