Cave midzi: history, kufotokoza ndi chidwi mfundo

Ngakhale kutali ku m'mbiri ya anthu pamene izo zifika ku mizinda phanga, izo chimadzutsa chidwi, chifukwa kamodzi anaimira chinachake chapadera ndi mwachinsinsi. Kapangidwe wakale, malipoti amene anaonekera pafupifupi zikwi zapitazo, waphimbika mu nthano zinsinsi.

misnomer

Iye akhapidziwa kuti banali m'mapanga akutumikira ndi nyumba, ndi kwa mizimu ya malo a kulambira. Komabe, asayansi simukugwirizana ndi maganizo, chifukwa nyumba inali pansi osati m'munsi mwake. Mpaka lero, nyumba izi sanapulumuke, ndi onse omwe atsalira - ndi phanga, amene ankafuna kuti miyambo yachipembedzo ndi zosowa za tsiku ndi tsiku.

M'zaka za m'ma XIX, akatswiriwa anapeza zipilala wakale, amene chifukwa maganizo olakwika aitanidwa "phanga midzi". Mchitidwe umenewu, misikiti ndi midzi ochepa ndi mbali yaikulu, amene amaloledwa kuganizira mawu pokhapo titachitapo chifukwa anthu sakhala pansi. Komabe, tanthauzo izi kukhazikika bwino kwa nyumba m'chipululu anamangidwira pa ovuta la phompho.

M'nyumbayi lovuta Crimea

Timadziŵa chuma choonera Jordan, Turkey, Iran, China, Spain, France, Italy ndi kumayiko ena. Modabwitsa maphunziro lachilengedwe kuyang'ana chidwi a ku ngodya zosiyanasiyana za padziko lathuli chinsinsi chake, chifukwa samadziwika amene anali ambuye anonymous, zopaka katswiri mwala.

Komabe, ndi Crimea, kumene kwa zaka mazana panali chitukuko osiyana, anapulumuka phanga mzinda, ndi woona owonetsera zakale zovuta pansi pa thambo lotseguka. Pakatikati ndi nyumba wapadera Bakhchisaray, ndi alendo amene ndimalota kukhudza chinsinsi, akuyamba ndi mzinda uwu. Mbiri ya kusintha udindo wa nyumba lachinsinsi la Nthawi zakale ndiponso mitundu zikuchokera anthu, ndi yophatikiza talente enaake a anthu amene mtengo wa khama kwambiri kuti akonze zidzasintha ntchito mwala. Amadziwika kuti zipilala mbiri ngakhale kukhala malo dera, amene anapezedwa pafupi maulendo malonda kwambiri.

zipilala wakale

Cave midzi Crimea, osemedwa miyala, alibe poyerekezera ndi anthu wosazindikira, ndipo ofufuza ambiri amakhulupirira kuti zipilala wakale anaonekera mu ulamuliro wa Ufumu wa Byzantium. Ngakhale kuti asayansi ena amene samagwirizana ndi buku lino amanena kuti mbiri ya midzi sangakhoze kusanduka mtundu wina wa chitsanzo, ndipo anachokera mu Nthawi osiyana. The okhala m'mizinda imeneyi sitinganene kuti asilikali, monga ntchito yawo yaikulu ndi ulimi ndi malonda, koma mwadzidzidzi akhoza kutenga ndipo manja. Akukhulupirira kuti kuchepa m'phanga mzinda, anasiyidwa ndi anthu ake, pambuyo nkhondo Mongol m'zaka XIII.

Mangup Kale

Ili yachonde ndi Babadag ndi malo apadera ndi mphamvu zosaneneka inathetsedwa ndi anthu mpaka XV atumwi, pamene anagwidwa ndi Turkey. Asayansi mukutsutsana za nthawi yatsoka ya zokopa m'deralo. Yaikulu mu Crimea phanga mzinda Mangup-Kale, kamodzi otchedwa Doros, ndi likulu lakale la amphamvu ukulu Theodoro. Kutchula koyamba za kuthetsa zachilendo kunayamba BC Ine atumwi.

Ili kutali na Bakhchisarai angaloŵe linga osemedwa m'mwala, ndi kwenikweni mzinda weniweni ndi mafakitale, m'ndende, ndi timbewu tonunkhira, nyumba kalonga, Akhristu a mipingo ndi nyumba zina. Tsopano alendo kuona yekha mabwinja a Pamudzi yaikulu wakale, kumene anthu pafupifupi 150 zikwi. Mdima m'mapanga, pamene mphepo malikhweru, zimakopa alendo a Crimea, tamva za mphamvu yodabwitsa ya malo awa. Apa pali Neon losonyeza mipira ndifungatire pa Pamudzi ndi kupasuka mu mlengalenga, ndi lama Chitibeta amene anapita Bakhchisaray, akuti amamva mphamvu ya chipilala wakale.

Eski-Kermen

Unatha pafupifupi m'zaka XIV, m'phanga tawuni Eski-Kermen anali mmodzi wa yaikulu komanso chozama. Pamwamba pa phiri hollowed za mapanga 400, amene ntchito ngati kumpanda ndi malo okhala zosowa zapakhomo. Kenako anthu linga anamanga pamwamba-kuuluka nyumba, ndipo zidawazinga ndi makoma kumbuyo. Pa mtima wa mzinda kachisi zazikulu Mabwinja amene akhoza masiku ano. Popanda iye, apo ili ndi nyumba zina za chipembedzo, ndi chisamaliro chapadera ziperekedwe kachisi wa okwera atatu ndi murals anapulumutsidwa.

Chabe makilomita ochepa ku mudzi wa Red Poppy zovuta, dzina anamasuliridwa kuti "zaka linga", ina yakalekale alendo. Apa pali bwinja la nyumba pansi, ndi casemates, ndi necropolis, nkhokwe, chitsime akuya mamita 30. Alendo ndi chisoni tione kudula m'madera phiri, zinakhudza nthawi.

Tikhoza kunena kuti akunama zotsalira za Eski-Kermen - ufumu weniweni phanga, kupereka alendo ndi zosiyanasiyana nyumba mobisa, omwe sakanakhoza nawo mu tsiku lina. Nthawi zambiri makoma achitetezo zinamangidwa nsanja kumbuyo, ndipo apa chirengedwe chinathandiza chitetezo cha anthu ndiponso analenga headlands miyala kuti kudzalamulira m'mapiriŵa.

Asayansi kuganiza kuti akale phanga kuthetsa inamangidwa ndi Byzantines, koma nthawi ndi chifukwa cha imfa yake, palibe aliyense akudziwa. Mwina anawonongedwa ndi Mongol ankhondo.

Calais

Waukulu kumbuyo likulu la Ufumu Byzantine anazindikira phanga mzinda wa Calais, tsiku lenileni la chiyambi sakudziwika. Amadziwika kuti Chitata anamugwira kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma XIII, koma patatha zaka ziwiri mpanda wolimba unali likulu loyamba la Crimea Khanate. Pali anali m'ndende anthu olemera amene anafunsidwa dipo. Amadziwika kuti mwa akaidiwo anali Polish ndi nthumwi Russian Hetman, amene nkhondo Cossacks - adani awo kwa zaka Crimea Chitata, koma ngakhale chochitika ichi hadamphedze tayu. Khan Haji Giray sanang'ambirane aliyense pa ogwirizana ndi adani, ndipo adamfunsa dipo aliyense. Koma Russian bwanamkubwa Sheremet, amene anandifunsa zambiri Kazan ndi Astrakhan, unachitikira mu mpanda wa malo achitetezo kwa zaka pafupifupi 20.

Pamene Chitata anachoka mu mzindawu, iye anathetsa Karaites ankachita kuvala zikopa. Masana iwo anali ochita malonda mu Bakhchisaray, ndi kuyambira madzulo mpaka m'mawa kulondera Calais. anthu atsopano agwirizana mpanda wina, chifukwa mu mphanga mzinda kuchuluka kukula. Tsopano, iwo unagawidwa pawiri, ndipo aliyense angathe igwire linga yekha. Inali nthawi imeneyi, ndi nalo dzina lake, lomwe anamasuliridwa kuti "kawiri-mphamvu", chipilala mbiri. Mu ulamuliro wa Anna Ivanovna asilikali Russian anagwira Bakhchisaray, anawononga phanga zovuta.

N'zosadabwitsa mu mtima wa Calais oyambirira kusindikizidwa nyumba inamangidwa Crimea, amene anayamba kugwira ntchito yake mu 1731. Mumzinda anakonza utumiki celebratory, zomwe zimabweretsa pamodzi wokhulupirika, apa kuweruzidwa amene kuponderezedwa mfundo za makhalidwe abwino a m'deralo.

Tepe-Kermen

Pankhani za mizinda phanga, sikutheka osanenapo mmodzi wa zipilala kwambiri lachinsinsi la mbiri yathu. Ancient linga chokhala m'chipululu chilumba, anaonekera kwa zaka za m'ma VI. Mpanda, osemedwa m'mwala, osati mophweka kuwononga, monga kumanga nthaka. Cave mzinda Tepe-Kerman, amene anali poyerekeza ndi guwa chimphona, ataliatali pa chigwa, kuonekera patali. kukula kwake aweruzidwa ndi asayansi otsala maofesi, bwino anapulumutsidwa lero.

Izi akutchedwa mzinda akufa, ndilo mbiri zakale dzina sanasunge. Kuchokera XI kuti XIII m'ma asangalala Pamudzi, umene unakhala malo yaikulu ya m'chigwa Kacha Mtsinje, koma kale m'zaka za m'ma XIV chifukwa cholimbana zonse ndi Chitata sichifa chimatha pano, ndi okhala okha anali Chimonko amene anasiya Nyumbayi mu zaka zochepa.

Ofukula zoposa 250 mapanga yokumba, zimasiyanasiyana mawonekedwe ndi cholinga. Onse maliro maofesi ndi masitolo kugula. Ndipotu, maofesi ambiri utakwaniritsa tiers asanu, ndi apansi akumtunda uko zinangokhala phiri yachonde, ndipo anapitiriza ng'ombe m'munsi.

Zinsinsi za Ancient yomanga

mapanga ambiri anatseka zitseko ndi mtengo ndi kugawidwa ndi partitions m'zipinda angapo. Asayansi apeza yachilendo dongosolo achipembedzo, elongated kuchokera kumpoto mpaka kummwera, ndipo si limodzi olamulira monga mwa mwambo pakati pa Akristu. Koma chinthu chidwi n'chakuti mapulani osadziwika kutsegula zenera chinsinsi ndi: m'masiku a Isitala kuwala imagwera, kuti khoma limapezeka ndondomeko ya pamtanda.

Zodabwitsa ndi menhir, chokhala ndi sundial, limene, mogwirizana ndi ofufuza za uli mphamvu zonse ndi mphamvu ya mzinda anawononga wakale.

Mipikisano storey zovuta Vardzia

Osati kokha Crimea monyadira zokopa wapadera, ulendo omwe amanditenga m'maganizo. Georgia ndi Vardzia - phanga mzinda wa Mfumukazi Tamara, amene ankaona Mecca alendo. Anaonekera pafupi eyiti zapitazo, izo osemedwa phiri monolith. Ndipo ndi Mipikisano storey zovuta, limene lili mu misewu, masitepe ndi ngalande. zipinda mazana asanu ogwirizana ndi ndime chinsinsi yaitaliyo kutalika asanu ndi atatu nyumba ndi mwakuya mu thanthwe mamita 50.

City, malo kwa anthu 20 sauzande, ndipo ngakhale anatumikira ntchito zauzimu, popeza adali obisika, likulu la zomwe mapulani kuti chosema kachisi wa Mfundo za Virgin. Nyumba zachipembedzo zimasungika makombo a murals zodabwitsa analenga m'zaka XII. Pali nthano imene imakamba kuti mfumukazi Tamara anaikidwa kuno.

Pamene Vardzia anadwala zivomezi, mphanga mzinda unasiya kukhala ndi mpanda wolimba angaloŵe, koma pambuyo nkhondo ya ku Mongolia anali atagwa ku ziyambe kukonzedwa. Today chipilala mbiri anatsimikizidwa kowonera zakale-otetezedwa.

Wokhudza makolo a dziko

Kusunga zinsinsi zambiri za mizinda phanga angayerekezedwe kwa tanthauzo lake mbiriyakale ndi nyumba akale. Kuyendera malo wakale ndi kukhudza dziko la makolo athu sadzalekerera aliyense osayanjanitsika. Ambiri amafuna kudziwa zinsinsi za malo osangalatsa ndi kutsika mu m'bado akale, amene kale anapita maofesi a kamangidwe, kuvomereza kuti iwo ali wosaiwalika.