Ancient omenyerapo nkhosa: chithunzi

Pamene chitetezo ku matenda adani yozungulira mizinda akale anayamba kumanga mpanda, kuti anali kutsogolera kwa zikamera zida kumenya munthu, cholinga chachikulu chimene chinali - kuphwanya malinga awa. Tiyeni tione iwo mwatsatanetsatane.

Zikamera wa nkhosa zamphongo

Akukhulupirira kuti poyamba omenyerapo nkhosa anatulukira ambuye Carthaginian - Paferasmenom ndi Gerasim. Zimenezi zinachitika mu 500 mamita-BC. e., ndi Carthaginians ndipo anagwiritsa ntchito pa kuzinga Gadis (Cadiz), mzinda wa ku Spain. Ngati kapena ayi, ngati mbuye nkhosa woyamba woyamba, palibe amene anganene motsimikiza. Koma olemba mabuku a nthawi pofotokoza kulanda mzinda wa Carthage, anatchula monga omenyerapo nkhosa ankagwiritsa ntchito pamodzi ndi injini ena wazingidwa.

The zipangizo loyamba

Ancient omenyerapo nkhosa kuphwanya malinga kapena zipata, kenako otchedwa yamphongo, ndi mitengo ikuluikulu ya phulusa kapena spruce. Mwaichi, mfuti anali wolemera kwambiri, ndipo anapatsidwa chakuti chimbalangondo anali kukhala pa dzanja, nthawi zina chifukwa ntchito yake amayenera kugwiritsa ntchito kwa mazana a asilikali.

Zonsezi wolowerera kwambiri mwa mawu a anthu ogwira ntchito ndi wovuta kwambiri, choncho m'tsogolo anayamba kusintha kwake. Omenyerapo nkhosa - nkhosa - poyamba anapachikidwa pa chimango yapadera, ndipo kenako anaika pa gudumu. Ntchito kunali kosavuta mwanjira imeneyo. Tsopano, kuti apulumutse chida malo ndi kugwedeza kumuukira, chofunika anthu yochepa kwambiri.

Ntchito bwino kulimbana mapeto a zipika yomatidwa chitsulo nsonga, ndi akufanana mutu a nkhosa. Chifukwa cha chipika izi nkhondowo kawirikawiri wotchedwa - "nkhosa". Ambiri mwina, tanena kale zonse mbuyomo: "Zikuwoneka ngati nkhosa pa chipata chatsopano," iye anali kunena nkhosa yamphongo, osati nyama weniweni.

Koma kusintha sinathe kumeneko. mfundo ndi yakuti pa kuukira mpanda wa mzindawo pa mutu wa msilikali, nkhosa kulamulira, zouluka miyala, mivi, anathira madzi ndi otentha phula otentha. Choncho, kuteteza asilikali, ndi chimango chipika anatseka pamwamba pa denga, ndipo kenako kumbali zonse yokutidwa ndi zishango. Choncho, kumenya mphamvu, akugwedeza ndi omenyerapo nkhosa, likukhalira, mwanjira kutetezedwa zoipa kugwa ndi kuthira ku makomawo. Chotero nkhosa m'nyumba kwa kufanana kunja ndi zokwawa kudziwika unadziwika ngati "kamba".

Nthawi zina fulu ndi dongosolo ongokhala apansi angapo lililonse lili ndi nkhosa yamphongo. Choncho n'zotheka anagumula mpanda zimatiyika pa nthawi yomweyo.

Koma mfuti ili M'pomveka bulky kwambiri ndi katundu, kotero ntchito infrequently.

Sokol - lakale karate omenyerapo nkhosa

Pamene nkhosa yamphongo kwa nthawi yoyamba inatuluka mu Russia, sakudziwika bwinobwino, koma popeza theka lachiwiri la m'zaka XII, magwero olembedwa kutchula adani a mzinda "mkondo." Izo zikhoza kapadera kuti anali pamenepo, mu sieges, nkhondo internecine, kuukira anayamba kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa nthawi yoyamba Chimphamba - ndi omenyerapo nkhosa yamphongo mtundu.

Ndipotu, kabawi si wosiyana ndi matabwa ake kuchokera analogues wa kudziwika. Yemweyo yosalala anabala matabwa, inaimitsidwa pa unyolo kapena zingwe. Komabe, nthawi zina mtengo m'malo yamphamvu onse zitsulo. Mwa njira, malinga ndi Baibulo limodzi la mawu akuti "ulusi ndi," anali kucheza ndi maonekedwe a mfuti Russian.

Njira kutsutsa nkhosa

Zamphongo, ndithudi, kunali kwambiri poukira, kotero ndi ntchito zake komanso umabala njira kauntala:

• Kuti osachepera mwanjira kuchepetsa kulasa matabwa makoma a mlingo wa nsonga zake adatchithisira chikwama chodzaza ndi Zipangizo zofewa, nkhosa kapena mungu.
• Pa itachita wa unit mutu, m'munsili nkhosa anatsanulira uve, otentha, moto phula, mafuta, miyala zouluka ndi mivi. The woterowu anayesa azinyadira zipangizo yomanga matabwa.
• Pa njira kwa mpanda wa mzinda anakumba ngalande wodzazidwa ndi madzi anaponyedwa pa drawbridge mtsinje, amene anayambira pa nkhondo. kukhwimitsa saloledwa falitsani, "Chimphamba" kwa mpanda.
• Ngati zikuoneka kuti omenyerapo nkhosa ndi mpanda wa mzindawu adzaperekedwa ndi kavalo, kenako ulendo wawo kuponya mozungulira wakuthwa zitsulo "hedgehogs" amene anali osaitanidwa ku ziboda za nyama, kumene sizikutetezedwa ndi horseshoe a. Njira imeneyi chitetezo, ngati si kwathunthu anasiya kuukira omenyerapo yamphongo, ndi kwambiri akulephera chitukuko zina, kupereka nthawi kwa chiwonongeko cha asilikali ake gulu.

zolakwika

mtundu wina wa zida wakale otchedwa "makhalidwe". Zamphongo m'njira ya makolo, kuimira chinachake ngati nkhosa, koma dongosolo zopindika ake analibe chochita. Otchedwa catapults wapadera.

Mu Russia, ife ntchito mitundu iwiri ya zopindika - ndalezo-gulaye, imene ikutchulidwa mbiri monga legeni, ndipo crossbows - mfuti wokwera pa makina wapadera.

Gulaye-kusakhala

Kamangidwe anali gulaye thandizo ndime, amene anali wokwera pa swivel (phiri kwa ndalezo sipangakhalenso zimayenda), ndipo makamaka yaitali kwambiri neravnoplechny ndalezo.

Kumapeto yaitali ndalezo anali Ufumuyo legeni (lamba ndi thumba chifukwa chipolopolo a), ndi pa zina - chingwe, amene amayenera ophunzitsidwa mwapadera anthu awa - anatambasula. Ndiko thumba la gulaye zakhala mlandu thanthwe (pakati), ndi mavuto mwadzidzidzi kukoka zomangira. Adzakoka chokhethemulira, zouluka m'mwamba projectile anapezerapo mu njira ankafuna. Kodi ndi dzanja swivel akhoza atembenuza, limakupatsani yowotcha pafupifupi zozungulira, popanda kusuntha dongosolo lonse.

Kenako malamba ndi tensioners m'malo mwa counterweight ndi thandizo chipilala anali m'malo ndi nyumba zovuta kwambiri chimango.

mfuti ili idali ndi mphamvu kwambiri mavuto catapults. Nthawi zambiri zotsutsana ndi kuchita m'manja amene amalola inu kusintha yowotcha osiyanasiyana. Ku Ulaya, monga chida ankatchedwa "trebushe"

Crossbows-kusakhala

Kupanga easel samostrelnogo kamnemeta mwapadera kwa gulaye ndi. Kunja ndi zofanana kwambiri ndi crossbow lalikulu, ndiye maziko matabwa anali atathana chute, ndipo mu gawo kutsogolo kwa uta anali Ufumuyo.

kuwombera mfundo analinso wofanana crossbow, koma m'malo mivi oyenera mwala poyambira (ngale). Kugwadira akhoza kulimbana katundu wolemera, izo zinapangidwa cha zigawo zingapo nkhuni, kaphatikizidwe osiyanasiyana nkhuni. Komanso papered ndi birch makungwa namukulunga ndi malamba. Bowstring anapangidwa kuchokera nyama moyo kapena mphamvu hemp chingwe.

Nkhondowo thandizo makhalidwe

Popeza kuponya makina anaikidwa pa mtunda palibe kwambiri kuposa 100 mamita malinga mdani, anakhala pafupifupi kuwerengedwa oponya mivi mdani. Komabe, kuteteza oponya mivi ulamuliro chida, anali kumbuyo ndi makhalidwe palisade (mpanda) Komanso anakumba chemba mozungulira.

Monga zipolopolo kwa legeni-makhalidwe akhoza kugwiritsidwa ntchito mu chilichonse, masekeli pakati pa 3 mpaka makilogalamu 200: miyala, miphika, wodzazidwa ndi osakaniza kuyaka, ngakhale nyama zakufa. Ndiko kuti, mavuto a zipolopolo sanali.

Ndi crossbows zinthu zinali zovuta. Iwo ankagwiritsa ntchito ntchito mwala pachimake, kukula kwa masentimita 20-35 awiri. Pa zafukulidwa ndi zofukula m'mabwinja anapeza ndi mivi (akapichi), zomwe zikuoneka amagwiritsidwanso ntchito kwa kuwombera. Wathandizidwa ndi zitsulo ndodo ndi nthenga zitsulo za 2 makilogalamu kulemera ndi masentimita 170 m'litali. Amakhulupirira kuti Boom amatigwiritsa ntchito kwa moto, kuti ndi mpirawo inabala ndi zikuchokera flammable.

Onse mitundu ya zipangizo ntchito pamodzi, complementing mzake, umene kuukira Mwachangu kuchuluka kwambiri. Nthawi zambiri pamaso pa zida zoopsa kuweruziratu zotsatira za nkhondo.