Mpweya wa poizoni, mitundu yake ndi chiopsezo kuti anthu

cheza nyukiliya lagawidwa osiyanasiyana. Kufanana chachikulu ndi chakuti iwo ali onse mkulu-mphamvu, zikusonyeza zotsatira zamoyo zotsatira ionization, kenako zochita mankhwala mu nyumba ndi maselo amoyo, chifukwa pa imfa yawo. oganiza sakuzindikira ionizing cheza: sitikuchiona izo, samva ndipo samaona zotsatira pa matupi athu.

cheza nyukiliya akupanga mlandu particles uncharged ndi photons. Chiwerengero cha lonse nawo tsiku ndi tsiku. Woyamba ndi maziko dzuwa, womwe wapangidwa mwa zigawo zitatu:

- cheza dziko kubwera ku Earth ku malo;

- kutentha kwa zipangizo radionuclides zachilengedwe nyumba, mpweya ndi madzi;

- ionizing kutentha kwa zinthu zachilengedwe kuti abwere mu matupi athu ndi chakudya ndi madzi, atathana minofu ndi kudziunjikira mu thupi kwa moyo.

Man Komanso poyera kuti poizoniyu yokumba, amene chimagwiritsidwa ntchito chuma cha dziko. A zachipatala, mwachitsanzo, ionizing cheza ntchito kwambiri ambiri.

Mpweya wa poizoni ndi mitundu yake

Kuti athe kuteteza motsutsana cheza ionizing, ayenera kukhala odziwa bwino za mitundu yake ndi katundu. cheza akhoza kugawidwa mmagawo awiri chachikulu: ginito wamagetsi ndi corpuscular.

X-ray ndi ga-cheza zimachitika osiyanasiyana mafunde atomu, iwo imakonzedwa mphepo, kuwala ndi kunyezimira ultraviolet. Akusiyana okha timaganiza. The timaganiza yayifupi ndi moyenera, pafupipafupi apamwamba mafunde mu atomu mu sipekitiramu mafunde mu atomu a G- ndi X-ray cheza. Ndi timaganiza wamfupi, apamwamba mphamvu dzuwa, komanso luso malowedwe.

Sun - gwero la X-ray ndi pang'ono chosakanikirana ndi mpweya wa dziko lapansi. Iwo kwaiye ena zipangizo (boosters) kuti matenda a odwala.

Popanga madzi a gamma cheza amapangidwa ndi zochita nyukiliya ndi kuvunda la nyukiliya zinthu. Mosavuta umadutsa thupi.

cheza beta amatchedwa otaya ma elekitironi ndi positrons, particles ake pulayimale zoipa (ma elekitironi) kapena zabwino (positron) mlandu. Iwo chichokera oipa nyukiliya ya mtima mu ma atomu ndipo panamveka therefrom. Kodi mkatikati mwa wosanjikiza madzi ndi makulidwe a 1-2 cm. Particles walitsa beta pa malo poyera anapanga amayaka dzuwa, ndi pamene ingested ndi chakudya, madzi komanso kukhudzana mpweya kumachitika m'thupi ndi akutitsogolera kuti kuwononga kwambiri cheza.

Alpha cheza amatchedwa otaya particles ndithu mlandu waukulu umene ali wolemera kwambiri kuposa particles beta nthawi 7300. particles awa panamveka mu kuvunda nthawi kwa zinthu zina, koma luso mkulu ionizing kudutsa minofu anthu akuya yaing'ono, okhudza yekha khungu pamwamba. pepala Plain kuchilango zotsatira zawo.

Neutrons - wosanyamula mtengo wa tinthu Komabe, pamene mwadzidzidzi mowonongeka kolimbikira ozama mphamvu. Ku cheza nyutironi kuteteza zipangizo munali wa hydrogen (paraffin, polyethylene).

Zotsatira Tizilombo cheza

miyezo kuti adziteteze ku amadza ionization, pomvera katundu wa munthu wina mtundu wa poizoni mphamvu zawo zopweteka mmakutu.

The cheza zimakhudzanso thupi motere.

• Ionizing cheza ndi sioneka mu njira yomwe sadamve. Dosimeters - ndi mtundu wa matupi zina, amene anafuna maganizo cheza.
• zotupa zolaula ndi chikopa, malaise, ankaikira matenda poizoni sizimaoneka yomweyo, koma patapita kanthawi; mlingo mwachidule chobisika.